Dilek Kul

Electroanalytical characteristics of antipsychotic drug ziprasidone and its determination in pharmaceuticals and serum samples on solid electrodes.

Ziprasidone is a psychotropic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia. Its oxidation was investigated electrochemically at boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes using cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry. The dependence of the peak current and peak potentials on pH, concentration, nature of the buffer, and scan rate were examined. The process was diffusion and adsorption controlled for boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes, respectively. The possible mechanism of oxidation was discussed with some model compounds that have indole and piperazine oxidations. A linear response was obtained between 8 x 10(-7) and 8 x 10(-5) M for the first peak in acetate buffer (pH 5.5) and between 2 x 10(-6) and 2 x 10(-4) M for the second peak in 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) with boron-doped diamond electrode for differential pulse and square wave voltammetric techniques. The reproducibility and accuracy of the proposed methods were found between 0.31 and 1.20, 99.27 and 100.22, respectively. The recovery studies were also achieved to check selectivity and accuracy of the methods. The proposed methods were applied for the determination of ziprasidone from pharmaceutical dosage forms and human serum samples without any time-consuming extraction, separation, evaporation or adsorption steps prior to drug assay except precipitation of the proteins using acetonitrile. The results were statistically compared with those obtained through an established LC-UV technique, no significant differences were been found between the voltammetric and LC methods.

Electrochemical Determination of Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drug Ezetimibe Based on its Oxidation on Solid Electrodes

Ezetimibe is the first of a new class of drugs that selectively inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and reduces plasma LDL cholesterol. In this study, electrochemical oxidation of ezetimibe was investigated on carbon based electrodes and a single and irreversible peak at both electrodes was observed. A linear response was detected between 2 × 10−6 and 8 × 10−5 M with glassy carbon electrode and between 2 × 10−6 and 2 × 10−4 M with a boron-doped diamond electrode in 0.1 M H2SO4 supporting electrolyte. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of ezetimibe from pharmaceutical dosage forms and human serum samples.

Sensitive and selective determination of tolterodine tartrate and its electrochemical investigation on solid carbon based electrodes

Tolterodine tartrate, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, was oxidized in various buffer media with different pH values using cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetric techniques on glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond electrodes. Two irreversible anodic peaks were obtained. The oxidation process of tolterodine tartrate was diffusion controlled depending on pH for both electrodes. A detailed oxidation mechanism was proposed and discussed. The dependences of the peak current and peak potentials on pH, concentration, nature of the buffer, and scan rate were investigated. A linear response between the peak current and the tolterodine tartrate concentration was obtained using differential pulse and square wave voltammetric techniques in the range of 0.4–8.0 μM for the peak at lower potential in acetate buffer at pH 5.7 and 0.4–40.0 μM for the peak at higher potential in 0.1 M H2SO4 on glassy carbon electrode and in the range of 0.4–40.0 μM in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 11.0 on boron-doped diamond electrode. Limit of detection values varied between 0.04 and 0.13 μM for both techniques and electrodes. The repeatability, reproducibility, precision, and accuracy of the proposed methods were investigated. The recovery studies were also achieved to check selectivity, precision, and accuracy of the methods. The proposed methods were successfully applied to determine tolterodine tartrate from pharmaceutical dosage forms without any interference from inactive excipients.

Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Fulvestrant in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Serum Samples

The electrooxidation behavior and determination of fulvestrant at a glassy carbon electrode were investigated. The voltammetric study of the model compounds allowed elucidating the possible oxidation mechanism of fulvestrant. The dependence of the peak current and peak potentials on pH, concentration, nature of the buffer, and scan rate was determined. The oxidation of fulvestrant showed a single and irreversible peak at glassy carbon electrode, and the process was found diffusion controlled. Linear responses were obtained for the concentrations between M and M in standard samples and between M and M in serum samples. The repeatability of the method was found 0.93 RSD%. The repeatability, reproducibility, precision, and accuracy of proposed method were investigated.