Djalma José Fagundes

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares da região de Parelheiros do município de São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children from low socioeconomical status. METHODS: This cross sectional study randomly enrolled 218 eighteen students out of 1.500 students with six to 14 years old from three schools located in Parelheiros, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Children with a diagnosis and or treatment of metabolic or endocrine diseases were excluded. The studied children had an anthropometric evaluation of weight and height, and body mass index was calculated. All children answered a questionnaire about daily food consumption and physical activity. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity and overweight were respectively 14.7 and 16.5%. Among these students, the low consumption of fruits (10.8 and 10.8%), vegetables (16.3 and 9.1%) and the high consumption of candies (72.2 and 78.1%) were associated with weight excess. Poor physical activities was common among obese (81.3%) and overweight (77.8%) students. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluated students, despite living in a poor region of Sao Paulo, showed a profile of nutritional transition, with high obesity and overweight rates.

Ischemic Preconditioning Prevents Apoptotic Cell Death and Necrosis in Early and Intermediate Phases of Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may be useful in attenuating the hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) syndrome by means of improving cell resistance to anoxia and reoxygenation and preventing cell death. Since there are insufficient data available regarding the chronology of preconditioning effects, we investigated the role of IPC, to test the hypothesis that liver protection would occur during the early and intermediate phases of the reperfusion period. Wistar rats (n = 72) were randomly assigned into six experimental groups, 12 animals each. A 40-min ischemia to the left lateral and median liver lobes was induced by selective hepatic pedicle clamping followed by 30 min or 240 min of reperfusion (IR30 and IR240). IPC groups (IPC30 and IPC240) underwent a 10 min of ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion preceding the definitive 40-min ischemic period. Sham-operated animals were followed for 30 and 240 min. Hepatic enzymes and histological evaluation were performed after the reperfusion period. Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion (IR30 and IR240) induced marked increases in liver enzymes levels after 30 min and particularly after 240 min. IPC effectively attenuated those enzymatic increases. Microvesicular steatosis was observed after 30 min, but not 240 min, of reperfusion in both IPC and IR livers. Necrosis was detected in 66.7% of IR240 and only in 8.3% of IPC240. Both hepatocyte and sinusoidal apoptosis were markedly attenuated by IPC. We conclude that IPC provided protection against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in early and intermediate phases of the reperfusion period, reducing hepatic enzymatic leakage and ameliorating hepatic apoptosis and necrosis.

The effect of liposome-delivered prednisolone on collagen density, myofibroblasts, and fibrous capsule thickness around silicone breast implants in rats.

Capsular contracture is a potential adverse effect of breast implants. An inflammatory reaction is most likely the origin of fibrosis around the implant. It is possible that some substances may act to prevent this inflammatory reaction. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of local depot prednisolone phosphate‐liposomes (PPL) on fibrous capsule formation around textured silicone breast implants. Shell prostheses (2 mL) were implanted in the right (plus PPL group) and left (plus saline solution, saline group) subcutaneous dorsum of 18 rats. In another 18 rats, the implants were positioned in the left of the back without any drug instillation (control group). In the PPL group, the capsule thickness (μm) and density (%) of collagen were significantly (p<0.0001) lower compared with the control group on days 35 and 90 postsurgery. Furthermore, in the PPL group, a significant reduction in myofibroblast count was observed on day 90 postsurgery (p<0.0001). In conclusion, a single dose of depot liposome‐delivered prednisolone was effective at impairing capsule formation around the silicone implant. The results suggest a strong local and weak systemic effect of PPL on the fibrous tissue around silicone implants. To our knowledge, no study has yet assessed the effect of PPL on silicone breast implants.

Estudo comparativo do uso de cola de fibrina e cianoacrilato em ferimento de fígado de rato

PURPOSE: To determinate the role of cianoacrilate and fibrin glue in the repair of the hepatic wound, to evidence the hemostatic capacity of the adhesives and their respective integration to the hepatic tissue. METHODS: 30 rats Wistar-EPM1 were separate in 2 groups and submitted to the anesthesia with tiopental in the concentration of 40mg/kg EV. Laparotomy was made with exhibition of the liver. A punch of 3mm was made in the hepatic right lobe. The animals of group A were treated with the placement of fibrin glue in the wounds, the animals of group B had the wounds treated with cianoacrilate. In the 7th of post-operative period, under anesthesia, the animals suffered the resection of the right hepatic lobe and samples were collected for the histology study procedures (HE and Picro-Sirius). They were appraised for optical microscopy, the inflammatory response (qualitative criteria of the neutrofiles presence, giants cells, granuloma, neovascularization) and for polarization microscopy, the quantification of collagen (I-young Type and III-matureType). RESULTS: The two adhesives had hemostatic effects in similar times.The wounds treated with fibrin glue showed larger amount of young and mature collagen and a larger amount of neovascularization, while the wounds treated with cianoacrilate showed larger reaction of granuloma. CONCLUSION: Fibrin glue and cianoacrilate have similar hemostatic effects.The wound treated with fibrin glue present larger neovascularization and larger percentage of collagen type I and type III showing tendency to a better tissue repair without formation of granuloma.

The effects of pentoxifylline into the kidneys of rats in a model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury

PURPOSE To study the role of pentoxifylline (PTX) on remote kidney injury caused by muscle ischemia of left hindlimb of rats. METHODS After xylazine and ketamine anesthesia, the left hindlimb of rats (n=66) were submitted to 6 hours ischemia (clamping the left common iliac artery). Three groups were used: sham group (SG, n=6), early group (EG, n=30) with reperfusion after 4 hours and late group (LG, n=30) with reperfusion after 24 hours. The saline solution (EG1, n=10 and LG1, n=10) or PTX (40 mg.Kg-1) was administered in the reperfusion beginning (EG2, n=10/LG2, n=10) or divided in two doses in the ischemia beginning and reperfusion beginning (EG3, n=10/LG3, n=10). The plasmatic creatinokinase, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium values were measure and histological samples from left kidney were prepared and H&E stained for scored cellular necrosis and degeneration of kidney tubules and thickness glomerulus determination. The apoptosis index was determined by immunohistochemical expression of the caspase-3. The tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis (p <or= 0.05) were applied. RESULTS The urea (90.5 +/- 30.96 mg.dL-1), creatinine (2.28 +/- 0.54 mg.dL-1), potassium (16 +/- 3.66 mmol.dL-1) and mesangium thickness (0.97 +/- 0.42 microm) values were significantly higher in group LG3. There was no significantly difference of caspase 3 expression between EG2 (16.35 +/- 1.65%) and LG3 (15.57 +/- 2.54%), and both were significantly worse than SG (9.8 +/- 1.98%). CONCLUSIONS The PTX has some protecting effect on remote kidney injury due to hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury only in the early phase of reperfusion.

Oxidative stress gene expression profile in inbred mouse after ischemia/reperfusion small bowel injury

PURPOSE To determine the profile of gene expressions associated with oxidative stress and thereby contribute to establish parameters about the role of enzyme clusters related to the ischemia/reperfusion intestinal injury. METHODS Twelve male inbred mice (C57BL/6) were randomly assigned: Control Group (CG) submitted to anesthesia, laparotomy and observed by 120 min; Ischemia/reperfusion Group (IRG) submitted to anesthesia, laparotomy, 60 min of small bowel ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. A pool of six samples was submitted to the qPCR-RT protocol (six clusters) for mouse oxidative stress and antioxidant defense pathways. RESULTS On the 84 genes investigated, 64 (76.2%) had statistic significant expression and 20 (23.8%) showed no statistical difference to the control group. From these 64 significantly expressed genes, 60 (93.7%) were up-regulated and 04 (6.3%) were down-regulated. From the group with no statistical significantly expression, 12 genes were up-regulated and 8 genes were down-regulated. Surprisingly, 37 (44.04%) showed a higher than threefold up-regulation and then arbitrarily the values was considered as a very significant. Thus, 37 genes (44.04%) were expressed very significantly up-regulated. The remained 47 (55.9%) genes were up-regulated less than three folds (35 genes - 41.6%) or down-regulated less than three folds (12 genes - 14.3%). CONCLUSION The intestinal ischemia and reperfusion promote a global hyper-expression profile of six different clusters genes related to antioxidant defense and oxidative stress.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy protects the liver from apoptosis caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

The present paper aimed to investigate the role of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) and the apoptosis in rat liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI).

The ineffectiveness of fibrin glue and cyanoacrylate on fixation of meniscus transplants in rabbits

Our aim was to evaluate whether a fibrin glue and octyl-cyanoacrylate can promote fixation of meniscal allograft in rabbits. The medial menisci of 18 rabbits were frozen and stored at -73 degrees C (30 days) and then was allotransplantation and fixed by: GSu (n=6) soft tissue; GFi (n=6) fibrin glue; GCy (n=6) cyanoacrylate. They were evaluated by daily surgery recovery score (4 weeks), gross inspection and cells density on scaffold. A severe inflammatory response with caseous necrosis from the inside of the joint on through the approach incision led us to an early sacrifice (16th day) of all animals of GCy. The daily score of recovery was similar in both groups GSu and GFi, with a peak of 40% of mild suffering score in the 12th day. At the 4th week in all animals of GFi the menisci were loose into the joint and the density of cells of collagen matrix was significantly fewer (p<0.001) than the GSu. The octyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive was totally inadequate for use on fixation of an allograft implant due to the severe inflammatory response. The fibrin glue was inappropriate to promote the allograft fixation and subsequently impaired the cells spread into the collagen matrix of allograft implant.

Modulation of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) by inositol hexaphosphate in colon carcinogenesis in rats

PURPOSE To evaluate modulation in the expression of Transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) in short-term colon carcinogenesis. METHODS 64 male rats was used, comprising 4 groups of 16 animals each: group 1 received Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and azoxymethane (AOM); group 2, AOM alone; group 3, IP6 alone; group 4 was used as control. Groups 1 and 3 were given 1% IP6 in drinking water for 6 weeks. AOM was administered subcutaneously at weeks 3 and 4 of the experiment at 20 mg/kg of body weight each week. Immunohistochemical processing was performed with the use of anti-TGF-beta2 primary antibodies in right colon samples and quantitation of TGF-beta2 as percentage of expression, through computer-assisted image processing. RESULTS mean values of TGF-beta2 expression were 9.0 +/- 3.9% for group 4 (control), 12.7 +/- 4.0% for group 3 (IP6), 19.3 +/- 6.2% for group 2 (AOM), and 13.1 +/- 5.3% for group 1 (IP6+AOM). The value of p was calculated as 0.0001 for a 5% or lower significance level. CONCLUSION the experiment revealed a significant increase in TGF-beta2 expression in right colon with the administration of AOM, and a significant decrease in TGF-beta2 expression when IP6 was administered with AOM.

The role of N-acetyl-cysteine in the lung remote injury after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion in rabbits

PURPOSE To study the lesions in the lung of rabbits caused by ischemia/reperfusion hepatic (I/R) after the use of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). METHODS Twenty-four rabbits distributed in two groups: control group GI (n = 12) 5% glucose solution and experiment group GII (n = 12) NAC. The animals were pre-anesthetized with 1% acepromazine maleate and anesthetized with ketamine 10% and 2% xylazine intramuscularly. The GI and GII were given glucose solution intravenously or NAC 15 min before occlusion of the hepatic pedicle (30 min). After the period of reperfusion of 24h (n = 6) or 48 h (n = 6), liver and lung samples were collected for histology and immunohistochemistry to assess the impairment of cell. RESULTS The animals of GII and GII-24h-48 h showed parenchyma liver close to normal, when using NAC. The GII and GII-24h-48 h showed lower thickness of alveolar cells that GI and GI-24h-48 h. The expression of caspase 3 in lung cells GII presented smaller value compared to the GI group. CONCLUSION N-acetyl-cysteine administered 15 min prior to the injury ischemia/reperfusion had a significant protective role by minimizing lung injury and apoptotic morphology in the period observed.