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ANALYSIS OF FITTING GROWTH MODELS IN MEDIUM GROWING CHICKEN RAISED INDOOR SYSTEM

A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley adult rats were used to investigate the effect of aluminum toxicity on behavioral patterns of adult female rats and learning ability of offspring. Rats were allotted into 4 groups, group one received 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=10), group two received 3g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=10), group thr.ee received 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride in drinking water (n=10) and control group did not receive anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=5) from 8th day of pregnancy till weaning of pups. The obtained results showed that feeding time increased significantly in 2g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride groups than control one, while, litter licking frequency and nursing time increased significantly in 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride than other groups. On contrary lying time decreased significantly in rats treated with 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride than other groups, licking and scratching decreased in 3g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride groups. In considering, the time spent in closed arms by offspring, pups spent significantly much time than control group, while, time spent in open arms of elevated plus maze decreased significantly in all treated groups than control group. On the other hand, number of entries in open arms significantly decreased in treated groups than control one.

Genetic parameter estimates of growth curve and reproduction traits in Japanese quail

The goal of selection studies in broilers is to obtain genetically superior chicks in terms of major economic traits, which are mainly growth rate, meat yield, and feed conversion ratio. Multiple selection schedules for growth and reproduction are used in selection programs within commercial broiler dam lines. Modern genetic improvement methods have not been applied in experimental quail lines. The current research was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations for growth and reproduction traits in a Japanese quail flock. The Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters. The Gibbs sampling under a multi-trait animal model was applied to estimate the heritabilities and genetic correlations for these traits. A total of 948 quail were used with complete pedigree information to estimate the genetic parameters. Heritability estimates of BW, absolute and relative growth rates at 5 wk of age (AGR and RGR), β0 and β2 parameters, and age at point of inflection (IPT) of Gompertz growth curve, total egg number (EN) from the day of first lay to 24 wk of age were moderate to high, with values ranging from 0.25 to 0.40. A low heritability (0.07) for fertility (FR) and a strong genetic correlation (0.83) between FR and EN were estimated in our study. Body weight exhibited negative genetic correlation with EN, FR, RGR, and IPT. This genetic antagonism among the mentioned traits may be overcome using modern poultry breeding methods such as selection using multi-trait best linear unbiased prediction and crossbreeding.

Nonlinear mixed effects modeling of growth in Japanese quail

The aim of this study was to examine the use of a nonlinear mixed modeling approach to growth studies of Japanese quail. Weekly BW measurements of 89 female and 89 male quail were used in the study. A well-known logistic growth function was used in the analysis. The function was expanded to include a sex effect and random bird effects in β0 and β2 parameters. Analyses were performed via SAS 9.2 software. The performance of 3 models, a fixed effects model (model 1) including only sex effect, a mixed effects model (model 2) including sex effect in β0 and β2 parameters and random bird effect in β0, and a mixed effects model (model 3) including sex and random bird effects in β0 and β2 parameters, was compared. The minimized value of -2 times the log-likelihood, Akaike information criterion, corrected version of Akaike information criterion, and Schwarz information criterion values indicated a better fit of model 3 relative to other competitive models. Furthermore, the error variance reduction in model 2 and model 3 compared with model 1 was 60 and 65%, respectively, indicating the better fit of the mixed effect models. Significant differences between sexes were also determined in β0 and β2 parameters, in which the males, on average, had lower β0 and higher β2 parameters than females.

Investigation of nonlinear models to describe long-term egg production in Japanese quail

In this study, long-term egg production was monitored in a Japanese quail flock, which had not undergone any genetic improvement, for 52 wk as of the age of sexual maturity. The study aimed to detect some traits with respect to egg production, to determine the cumulative hen-housed egg numbers, and to compare goodness of fit of different nonlinear models for the percentage of hen-day egg production. The mean age at first egg was 38.9 d and the age at 50% egg production was 45.3 d. The quail reached peak production at 15 wk of age (wk 9 of egg production period) when the percentage of hen-day egg production was found to be 94%. The cumulative hen-housed egg number for 52 wk as of the age of sexual maturity was 253.08. The monomolecular function, a nonsigmoid model, was used in the nonlinear regression analysis of the cumulative egg numbers. Parameters a, b, and c of the monomolecular model were estimated to be 461.70, 473.31, and 0.065, respectively. Gamma, McNally, Adams-Bell, and modified compartmental models, widely used in hens previously, were used in the nonlinear regression analysis of the percentages of hen-day egg production. The goodness of fit for these models was compared using the values of pseudo-R², Akaikes information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion. It was determined that all the models are adequate but that the Adams-Bell model displayed a slightly better fit for the percentage of hen-day egg production in Japanese quail than others.

Effect of egg shell color on some egg quality in table eggs during storage at refrigerator temperature

The aim of this study was to establish the effects of white shell color eggs and brown shell color eggs on some egg quality in table eggs during 28 days of storage at 5 °C. A total of 100 fresh eggs (60-65 g) were obtained from laying hens (Nick chick) that were raised on a local commercial farm. All eggs were collected over a 24 h period. A total of 100 eggs randomly divided into 2 treatments (10 replicates each) with 50 eggs examined in each. Ten eggs from each group were analyzed for eggs weight loss, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. All eggs were individually marked and weighed at the beginning of the experiment to calculate egg weight loss. The egg weight loss in brown shell color eggs significantly (P<0.01) higher than white shell color eggs at 21 days of storage, but no significant differences were observed among groups other storage periods. The brown shell color eggs showed lower levels of specific gravity than white shell color eggs at day 7, 14, and 21, but there were no significant differences between white shell color eggs and brown shell color eggs at day 28. The albumen height and Haugh unit of white shell color eggs was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of white shell color eggs during the storage periods. There were no significant differences in yolk index and albumen pH between white shell color eggs and brown shell color eggs during the storage periods. The yolk pH of white shell color eggs was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of brown shell color eggs at day 7, 14, and 21 of storage period. The results indicated that the white shell color eggs showed better quality than brown shell color eggs at 5 °C for the entire storage period.The aim of this study was to establish the effects of white shell color eggs and brown shell color eggs on some egg quality in table eggs during 28 days of storage at 5 °C. A total of 100 fresh eggs (60-65 g) were obtained from laying hens (Nick chick) that were raised on a local commercial farm. All eggs were collected over a 24 h period. A total of 100 eggs randomly divided into 2 treatments (10 replicates each) with 50 eggs examined in each. Ten eggs from each group were analyzed for eggs weight loss, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. All eggs were individually marked and weighed at the beginning of the experiment to calculate egg weight loss. The egg weight loss in brown shell color eggs significantly (P<0.01) higher than white shell color eggs at 21 days of storage, but no significant differences were observed among groups other storage periods. The brown shell color eggs showed lower levels of specific gravity than whi...

Effects of monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis on some performance traits, behavior, and fear responses in Japanese quails

ABSTRACT Lighting is crucial in poultry rearing and the subjects with light intensity, source, and color having been addressed in numerous studies. Numerous studies with monochromatic light from light‐emitting diode (LED) bulbs have been reported. In the current study, fertile Japanese quail eggs were exposed to a dark environment (Control) or monochromatic green (560 nm) and blue (480 nm) lighting throughout incubation. There were no significant differences in hatch weight, hatchability, total embryonic mortality, hatch time, growth performance, and slaughter‐carcass traits in the study (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the lowest mean in terms of early embryonic mortalities (12.37%) was determined in the group treated with green LED lighting (P < 0.05), whereas it was discovered that the lowest mean in terms of late embryonic mortalities (13.59%) was in the group treated with blue LED lighting (P < 0.05). During the test time, the green LED group showed higher averages in terms of the number of peeps and first defecation time as response to environmental stimuli (P < 0.05). The highest mean for jumping (7.6 times) was detected in the group treated with blue LED lighting (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it was revealed that the blue and green LED lighting applied to the Japanese quail eggs in incubation had no effects on incubation traits, growth, and slaughter‐carcass traits but had positive effects on some behavioral traits.

Effects of Breeder Age on Genetic Parameter Estimates of Slaughter and Carcass Traits in Japanese Quail

This study aimed to determine the phenotypic values of the slaughter and carcass traits in the flocks of quails obtained when a flock of parent quails were at 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age and to estimate the heritabilities and the genetic correlations for these traits. For this purpose, a total of 1,346 Japanese quails were slaughtered at 8 weeks of age, and their slaughter weights as well as carcass, breast, leg, and abdominal fat weights and ratios were determined. Differences in all traits were detected between female and male quails (P<0.05). The averages of many important traits, primarily slaughter weight, carcass weight, and breast weight, increased with the increase in the breeder age. On the contrary, the carcass yield decreased (P<0.05). There were no significant variations in the phenotypic and genetic variances for the slaughter and carcass traits in the flocks obtained when the breeder flock was at different ages. The heritabilities for slaughter weight, carcass weight, and abdominal fat weight were estimated to be moderate, and the genetic correlations among them were estimated to be positive and high. In conclusion, it is possible to state that positive results might be obtained by using the carcass ratio as the criterion for selection in quails. Besides, the breeder age was discovered to have had no significant effect on the genetic parameter estimations.

Differences in internal egg quality characteristics between white and brown shell eggs

This study was conducted to reveal the differences among the internal quality characteristics of brown and white shell table eggs and to examine the relationship between quality characteristics. A total of 235 eggs from brown and white laying hens (Nick-chick; 95 wk of age) were used in this study. Internal egg quality characteristics including egg weight, albumen height, Haugh Unit, yolk height, yolk index, albumen pH, yolk pH, yolk color were determined. The Haugh unit (P<0.001), Albumen height (P<0.001), yolk L* (P<0.001) and yolk b* (P<0.05) values of white shell eggs were higher than that of brown shell eggs. On the contrary, the yolk a*(P<0.01), yolk height (P<0.01) and yolk index (P<0.01) values of white shell eggs were lower than that of brown shell eggs. There were no significant differences were found between white and brown shell eggs for egg weight, albumen and yolk pH values. Significant (P<0.001) positive correlations were found between albumen height and Haugh unit (r= 0.97), yolk height an...

A non parametric data transformation technique for quantitative genetic analyses: The rank transformation

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of rank transformation on estimations of genetic parameters for non-normally distributed four simulated variables. X1, X2, X3, X4 have means and variances of 10, and the variables originated from Laplace distribution, Poisson distribution, Uniform distribution, Weibull distribution, respectively. After rank transformation, these values are 0 and 1 for each variable, respectively. Except the Poisson distribution all variables has been transformed into Gaussian distribution by rank transformation. It was determined that genetic information loss did not occur in any of the variables with normally distributed by rank transformation. It is possible to say that rank transformation can be used safely in quantitative genetic analyzes with regard to research results.

Effect of storage temperature on egg quality traits in table eggs

The aim of this study was to establish the effects of storage temperature on some egg quality in table eggs during 28 days. A total of 100 fresh eggs were obtained from laying hens (Nick chick) that were raised on a local commercial farm. All eggs were collected over a 24 h period. A total of 100 eggs randomly divided into 2 treatments (5 °C and 22 °C; 10 replicates each) with 50 eggs examined in each. Ten eggs from each group were analyzed for eggs weight loss, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at 5 and 22 °C. All eggs were individually marked and weighed at the beginning of the experiment to calculate egg weight loss. The egg weight loss in eggs stored at 5 °C significantly (P<0.01) lower than the eggs stored at 22 °C group for the entire storage period. The eggs stored at 5 °C showed higher levels of specific gravity than eggs stored at 22 °C throughout 28 days of storage (P<0.01; P<0.05). The albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk index of eggs stored at 5 °C was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of eggs stored at 22 °C during the storage periods. The albumen pH of eggs stored at 5 °C was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of eggs stored at 22 °C during storage period. The results indicated that the eggs stored at 5 °C are better off in terms of protecting quality compared to the eggs stored at 22 °C throughout 28 days of storage.The aim of this study was to establish the effects of storage temperature on some egg quality in table eggs during 28 days. A total of 100 fresh eggs were obtained from laying hens (Nick chick) that were raised on a local commercial farm. All eggs were collected over a 24 h period. A total of 100 eggs randomly divided into 2 treatments (5 °C and 22 °C; 10 replicates each) with 50 eggs examined in each. Ten eggs from each group were analyzed for eggs weight loss, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at 5 and 22 °C. All eggs were individually marked and weighed at the beginning of the experiment to calculate egg weight loss. The egg weight loss in eggs stored at 5 °C significantly (P<0.01) lower than the eggs stored at 22 °C group for the entire storage period. The eggs stored at 5 °C showed higher levels of specific gravity than eggs stored at 22 °C throughout 28 days of storage (P<0.01; P<0.05). The albumen height, Haugh unit, a...