Domicio do Nascimento Júnior

Respostas morfogênicas e estruturais de Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada e alturas de corte

The morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca were evaluated in response to different levels of nitrogen supply and cutting regimes. The study was conducted in a glasshouse with natural conditions of light and temperature. Treatments corresponded to four levels of nitrogen supply (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/dm3) and three cutting heights (5, 10 and 20 cm). The morphogenetic evaluations included leaf appearance and elongation rate, phyllochron and leaf lifespan. The structural measurements were: number of leaves, number of tillers and leaf lamina length of fully expanded leaves. The morphogenetic responses were affected by nitrogen supply during regrowth, highlighting the importance of that nutrient for manipulating sward structure. All variables responded positively to nitrogen supply, except phyllochron. Cutting height had a significant effect on leaf lifespan, leaf lamina length of fully expanded leaves and number of green leaves per tiller. Leaf appearance and elongation rate per tiller were increased in 133 and 104%, respectively, by nitrogen supply. The relationship between both group of variables was determinant for the characterization of the main vegetative changes on plants. The responses observed on morphogenetic characteristics comprise an efficient attribute to manipulate canopy structure, allowing improved allocation of productive resources to growth and developmental processes.

Acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens adubados com nitrogênio

In the last years, the growth dynamics of forage plants has been focused, in order to improve the knowledge of forage yield and distribution process in pasture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on accumulation of the forage in Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. pastures submitted to the same stocking rate. Treatments consisted of 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 N applied before the beginning of experimental evaluations, which were performed during summer, autumn, winter and spring of 2002. A randomized block experimental design was used with two replicates. Brachiaria grass showed an increase in the dry matter yield proportionally to nitrogen doses, with higher rates for daily accumulation of leaves, stems and forage yield in summer-spring seasons, while lower rates were shown in the winter. The variation of climatic conditions within yearly seasons changed the rates of leaf accumulation, senescence, and forage yield in the Brachiaria decumbens pasture.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-braquiária em pastagem adubada com nitrogênio avaliadas nas quatro estações do ano

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization upon the morphogenetical and structural characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens under grazing. Four nitrogen rates (75, 150, 225 and 300 kg/ha.yr) were applied before the beginning of the experimental evaluations, which were performed during the Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring seasons. The randomized complete block design was used with two replications. Linear increases were observed for the leaf elongation rate, final leaf length, leaf area index, stem and leaf blade percentage. The percentage of dead material decreased with the nitrogen fertilization. On the other hand, N fertilization had no effect on the number of alive leaf, number of emerging leaves, total numbers of leaves, stem elongation rate and senescence rate. Leaf and stem elongation rates, number of alive leaf, final leaf length, leaf area index, leaf blade and stem percentages in the Brachiaria decumbens varied among seasons, lower values occurring in the winter.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais na rebrotação da Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu submetida a três doses de nitrogênio

Um experimento foi disposto no delineamento em blocos casualizados, sob o esquema fatorial 3x8, tres dose de N (0, 20 e 40 mg dm-3 semana-1 de N) e oito tempos de rebrotacao (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 e 48 dias apos o corte de uniformizacao), em vasos, em casa-de-vegetacao, com tres repeticoes para cada tratamento, para avaliar as caracteristicas morfogenicas (taxa de aparecimento foliar [TApF] e taxa de alongamento foliar [TAlF]) e estruturais (comprimento medio de folhas [CMF], numero de folhas vivas perfilho-1 [NFVP], peso medio de perfilho [PMP] e densidade de perfilhos [DP]) da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. A TApF foi afetada significativamente com o aumento da dose de N. Plantas que receberam 40 mg dm-3 semana-1 de N apresentaram filocronos bem inferiores (6,99 dias folhas-1) aos encontrados na testemunha (12,20 dias folhas-1). A TAlF tambem foi bem sensivel a aplicacao de N, elevando-se significativamente com o aumento do suprimento de N, em torno de 185,24 e 264,32%, respectivamente, para as plantas que receberam 20 e 40 mg dm-3 semana-1 de N. O CMF sofreu efeito significativamente positivo com o aumento da dose de N. Tanto a dose de N quanto o tempo de rebrotacao tiveram efeito significativamente positivo sobre o NFVP e o PMP. Apesar do maior NFV, plantas que receberam doses de N tiveram maior perda por senescencia. Os fatores quantitativos estudados tambem tiveram efeito significativamente positivo sobre a DP.

Dry matter production and nutritional value of elephant grass pasture under irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

The effect of four nitrogen (N) doses (100, 300, 500 e 700 kg/ha) and six water depths (0, 20, 40, 80, 100 and 120% of evapotranspiration) on elephant grass dry mass yield in the plant tops, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) during the dry and rainy periods was evaluated. The N doses were the plots and the water depths constituted the subplots, according to the complete randomized blocks experimental design with four replicates. The elephant grass dry mass yield in the plant tops accumulated either in the experimental year or during the rainy period, it increased linearly both in relation to the N doses and in relation to the water depths. During the dry period, the elephant grass production increased linearly with the N doses, but it had a quadratic behavior with the applied water depths. The CP content of the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass increased linearly with the N doses both in the experimental year as in the dry and rainy periods being, not influenced by the applied water depths. The NDF content in the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass plants was negatively influenced by the N doses during the experimental year and in the dry period, it was positively influenced by the supplement irrigation in the rainy period. The IVDMD of the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass was adjusted to the regression quadratic model according to the N doses only in the experimental year and in the rainy period; however, it was not influenced by the water depths. In the dry period, the IVDMD was not influenced by any of the studied variables.

Avaliação das características estruturais do capim-braquiária em pastagens adubadas com nitrogênio nas quatro estações do ano

This trial was carried out from November 2001 to November 2002, aiming at the evaluation of the effects of nitrogen fertilization upon the tiller demography and forage biomass in Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures fertilized with nitrogen and subjected to the same grazing height. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (75, 150, 225 and 300 kg/ha.yr.) applied before the beginning of the experimental evaluations, which were performed during the Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring, 2002. A completely randomized block experimental design was used with two replications. Seasons and nitrogen rates affected grass tiller population density and forage biomass. The population density of alive and vegetative tillers increased linearly, while that of the dead tillers decreased linearly with the N rates. Forage biomass increased linearly with nitrogen fertilization, whereas the population density of reproductive tillers were not affected by nitrogen fertilization. The alive tiller population density, vegetative and reproductive, leaf biomass, stem and green matter of the Brachiaria decumbens varied among the seasons, with lower values in Winter.

Consumo e tempo diário de pastejo por novilhos Nelore em pastagem de capim-tanzânia sob diferentes ofertas de forragem

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of forage allowances on canopy changes, the grazing time and forage intake by steers grazing tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) pasture. The four levels of herbage allowance (HA) (kg of leaf blade /100 kg animal live weight/day, %) were: 6.1 ± 0.59; 11.1 ± 0.77; 18.0 ± 1.24 and 23.9 ± 1.15%. Eight Nelore animals averaging 229.0 and 249.5 kg grazed each paddock in the first and second sampling periods, respectively. A completely randomized block design was used. Grazing time, leaf dry matter availability, leaf:stem ratio and canopy height were highly correlated with forage intake and can be used to develop prediction models of forage intake and performance of the grazing animal. Studies on intake and grazing animal performance in relation to forage allowances should consider the pasture structural traits for data interpretation and comparison. Tanzaniagrass forage allowances induced changes in the pasture structural characteristics and had quadratic effect on the daily grazing time and on the forage intake by Nelore steers. Shortest grazing time and highest forage intake were observed on pasture with herbage allowance of about 22.5 kg leaf blade/100 kg BW, which corresponded to a post-grazing mass of 4323.2 kg/ha dry matter, 2887.6 kg/ha dry green matter and average canopy height of 64 cm.

Avaliação de Três Cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. sob Pastejo: Composição Química e Digestibilidade da Forragem

A study was conducted to evaluate three cultivars of Panicum maximum Jacq. under rotational grazing for the nutritive value,where the estimates of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose, silica, and in vitro digestibility of the organic material were performed in samples of leaves and stems. Additional nitrogen was applied in cv. Tanzania at the end of the rainny season. Samples were taken in June, September, and October 1998 and in March 1999. Some differences among treatments were observed. In general, cv. Massai showed a lower nutritive value with lower crude protein and digestibility, and higher neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin, either in samples of leaves or in stems. Therefore, its utilization as a forage option should be based on other agronomic characteristics. The cv. Mombaca exhibited higher concentrations of silica and its nutritive value was not affected by nitrogen fertilization at the end of the rainny season, except for an increase in the percentage of crude protein and a reduction in the amount of lignin and silica in March. The nutritive value of the stems was inferior to the leaves. The nutritive value was highest in all treatments at the beginning of the rainny period.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais e produção de forragem do capim-marandu submetido a intensidades e freqüências de desfolhação

This trial was carried out to evaluate the influence of defoliation intensities (10 and 20 cm stubble height) and defoliation frequencies (three cut intervals based on the appearance of 5, 7 and 9 leaves/tiller after each defoliation event) on the morphogenetic and structural traits, tillering and herbage production of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu swards. Treatments were allocated to experimental units according to a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with three replications, in a total of 18 experimental units. Two cuts were performed in the most frequent treatment and one cut for the remaining treatments. Greater defoliation intensity resulted in greater leaf tissue turn over and, when combined to greater defoliation frequencies resulted in younger tillers, which grew up in an environment with lesser light competition. Cutting intensity at 20 cm favored tiller transition from vegetative to reproductive stage, resulting in greater contribution of pseudo stem and dead material to the herbage mass. If frequent defoliation is used, the 10 cm stubble height is the recommended intensity. If less frequent defoliation is used, the 10 cm stubble height may decrease herbage yield, mainly when using the seven leaves frequency. Greater defoliation frequencies showed greater sward renovation, with greater leaf elongation and leaf appearance rates, greater leaf blade length and lesser pseudo-stem accumulation and elongation. Although greater herbage production was obtained at the 20 cm cutting height and 7 leaves frequency, considering all evaluated traits, more frequent cuts promoted greater tissue turn over with high herbage production characterized by its high amount of leaves and less amount of pseudo stem and dead material, allowing for higher herbage production efficiency.

Avaliação de três cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. sob pastejo: composição da dieta, consumo de matéria seca e ganho de peso animal

Three varieties of Panicum maximum Jacq. were evaluated by measuring the botanical and chemical composition of the diet, and the dry matter intake and weight gain of the animal under rotational grazing, before and after a period of grazing. The treatments were: 1) v. Tanzânia + 50 kg N/ha, 2) v. Tanzânia + 100 kg N/ha, 3) v. Mombaca + 50 kg N/ha, and 4) v. Massai + 50 kg N/ha. Of the diets selected by the animals, v. Massai tended to show lower values for digestibility and crude protein, and higher values for neutral detergent fiber; however, in general, the diets containing v. Mombaca had higher values for silica. The animals selected an average of 92.4% green leaves, independent of treatment and season of sampling. The animals consumed similar quantities of forage on the diverse treatments, with average intakes of 1.9, 2.8, 3.4, and 2.3 kg DM/100 kg BW, respectively, for June, September and November of 1998 and March of 1999. Low weight gains of the animals on v. Massai were verified, but due to the higher availability of forage during the rainy season, the weight gains per hectare were higher than for v. Mombaca + 50 kg N/ha and v. Tanzânia+ 50 kg N/ha. Factors which had the most positive influence on weight gain of the animals were quantity of leaves, height of the pasture, crude protein content of the diet selected by the animals, and size of the bite.