Dilermando Miranda da Fonseca

Características morfogênicas e estruturais de capim-massai submetido a adubação nitrogenada e desfolhação

This work was carried out to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the hybrid Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum cv. Massai in response to four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg/dm3) and three defoliation intervals (two, three and four completely expanded leaves), in a 4 x 3 factorial treatment combination. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse according to a completely randomized design, with four replications. Sowing was achieved in plastic tray filled with sand and seedlings were transplanted to pots with 5.8 dm3 of soil. Pots were thinned to three plants/pot. The phosphate and potash fertilization was accomplished according to soil fertility analysis. The nitrogen fertilization was split in four applications in aqueous solution, according to the experimental doses. As the plants presented the number of expanded leaves, indicating their defoliation interval, they were harvested to 5 cm from soil level; this harvest marked the beginning of the evaluation period of the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the grass. At the end of these evaluations, the plants were harvested, dried and weighted. Nitrogen fertilization doses had marked effects on the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Massaigrass, as well as on its shoot dry weight. Leaf elongation rate (TAlF) showed linear increase of 64% to N doses. The phyllochron decreased as nitrogen dose increased. Shoot dry matter weight and lamina:stem ratio increased linearly with the increment of N doses but decreased as the number of expanded leaves increased before harvest.

Respostas morfogênicas e estruturais de Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada e alturas de corte

The morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca were evaluated in response to different levels of nitrogen supply and cutting regimes. The study was conducted in a glasshouse with natural conditions of light and temperature. Treatments corresponded to four levels of nitrogen supply (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/dm3) and three cutting heights (5, 10 and 20 cm). The morphogenetic evaluations included leaf appearance and elongation rate, phyllochron and leaf lifespan. The structural measurements were: number of leaves, number of tillers and leaf lamina length of fully expanded leaves. The morphogenetic responses were affected by nitrogen supply during regrowth, highlighting the importance of that nutrient for manipulating sward structure. All variables responded positively to nitrogen supply, except phyllochron. Cutting height had a significant effect on leaf lifespan, leaf lamina length of fully expanded leaves and number of green leaves per tiller. Leaf appearance and elongation rate per tiller were increased in 133 and 104%, respectively, by nitrogen supply. The relationship between both group of variables was determinant for the characterization of the main vegetative changes on plants. The responses observed on morphogenetic characteristics comprise an efficient attribute to manipulate canopy structure, allowing improved allocation of productive resources to growth and developmental processes.

Dry matter production and nutritional value of elephant grass pasture under irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

The effect of four nitrogen (N) doses (100, 300, 500 e 700 kg/ha) and six water depths (0, 20, 40, 80, 100 and 120% of evapotranspiration) on elephant grass dry mass yield in the plant tops, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) during the dry and rainy periods was evaluated. The N doses were the plots and the water depths constituted the subplots, according to the complete randomized blocks experimental design with four replicates. The elephant grass dry mass yield in the plant tops accumulated either in the experimental year or during the rainy period, it increased linearly both in relation to the N doses and in relation to the water depths. During the dry period, the elephant grass production increased linearly with the N doses, but it had a quadratic behavior with the applied water depths. The CP content of the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass increased linearly with the N doses both in the experimental year as in the dry and rainy periods being, not influenced by the applied water depths. The NDF content in the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass plants was negatively influenced by the N doses during the experimental year and in the dry period, it was positively influenced by the supplement irrigation in the rainy period. The IVDMD of the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass was adjusted to the regression quadratic model according to the N doses only in the experimental year and in the rainy period; however, it was not influenced by the water depths. In the dry period, the IVDMD was not influenced by any of the studied variables.

Morphogenetic and structural characteristics of xaraésgrass submitted to nitrogen fertilization and defoliation

The morphogenetic and structural traits of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes submitted to the treatment combinations of four nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg/dm3) and three defoliation frequencies (two, four and five completely expanded leaves) were evaluated according to a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, with the treatments arranged as factorial combination. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. After thinning, three seedlings were left per pot (5,8 dm3). The phosphate fertilization was performed according to the soil fertility. The pots were fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, according to soil fertility. Nitrogen fertilization was split in four applications and applied in aqueous solution. When the plants reached the number of expanded leaves (defoliation moment), they were cut at 5 cm height from soil level before evaluation of morphogenetic and structural traits in the aftermath. Significant nitrogen effect was observed on morphogenetic and structural characteristics of xaraesgrass and on DM yield, except on root DM. Leaf elongation rate (LER) increased linearly up to 37% at the N rate of 120 mg/dm3. Defoliation influenced leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, blade length, number of live leaves per tiller, senescence rate and dry matter yield of shoot and root.

Consumo e tempo diário de pastejo por novilhos Nelore em pastagem de capim-tanzânia sob diferentes ofertas de forragem

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of forage allowances on canopy changes, the grazing time and forage intake by steers grazing tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) pasture. The four levels of herbage allowance (HA) (kg of leaf blade /100 kg animal live weight/day, %) were: 6.1 ± 0.59; 11.1 ± 0.77; 18.0 ± 1.24 and 23.9 ± 1.15%. Eight Nelore animals averaging 229.0 and 249.5 kg grazed each paddock in the first and second sampling periods, respectively. A completely randomized block design was used. Grazing time, leaf dry matter availability, leaf:stem ratio and canopy height were highly correlated with forage intake and can be used to develop prediction models of forage intake and performance of the grazing animal. Studies on intake and grazing animal performance in relation to forage allowances should consider the pasture structural traits for data interpretation and comparison. Tanzaniagrass forage allowances induced changes in the pasture structural characteristics and had quadratic effect on the daily grazing time and on the forage intake by Nelore steers. Shortest grazing time and highest forage intake were observed on pasture with herbage allowance of about 22.5 kg leaf blade/100 kg BW, which corresponded to a post-grazing mass of 4323.2 kg/ha dry matter, 2887.6 kg/ha dry green matter and average canopy height of 64 cm.

Demografia de perfilhos basilares em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens adubada com nitrogênio

It was evaluated tiller appearance, mortality and survival rates, the flowering percentage and the population density of basal tillers in pasture of Brachiaria decumbens under four doses of nitrogen (75, 150, 225 and 300 kg/ha/year), in three periods of the year: February to April, May to August and September to November. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with periods as a split plot feature, with two replications. The nitrogen fertilization was split in three applications the first in December (2002), second in January (2003) and the third in March (2003). The evaluation of demography of basal tillers was accomplished by initial demarcation of all the tillers contained within a ring of PVC, followed by monthly identification of new tillers with wires of different colors. Evaluation of the population density of basal tillers (vegetative, reproductive and dead tillers) was performed from samples of plants harvested within 25 x 25 cm three squares from each paddock. The nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the tiller appearance, mortality and survival rates, number of vegetative tillers and the tillers mortality in the generations 1 and 2. Rates of tiller appearance were higher in February/April and September/November, while the rate of tiller mortality was higher in February/April period. Tiller population density also varied over the periods, higher figures being observed in Febrary/April period. The flowering of the Signalgrass flowering was most intense from February to May.

Composição químico-bromatológica de variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp L.) com diferentes ciclos de produção (precoce e intermediário) em três idades de corte

The objectives of this work were to determine the chemical composition, the potentialy degradable fraction of NDF (B2) and undegradable fraction (C) and to estimate the ruminal fill of sugar cane with different cycles of production (early and intermediate), in three cut times (426, 487 and 549 days). The laboratorial analysis consisted in dry matter (DM), organic matter, ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract, lignin, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent insoluble protein, acid detergent insoluble protein and neutral detergent protein soluble. The TDN was calculated by chemical composition. The degradable and undegradable fractions, and fiber digestion rate, as well as the ruminal fill were estimated by kinetic parameters obtained throught in situ incubation. The advanced cut time increased the DM in 9.5%. The intermediate varieties presented higher TDN than early varieties, which had the highest contents of NDF and ADF, whose respective values were 487.56 and 471.03, and 287.87 and 247,54 g/kg DM for the early and intermediate varieties, respectively. The TDN increased linearly with the cut time, varying from 62.45 to 63.50%; however the NDF and ADF contents presented quadratic behavior. The early varieties presented higher content of CP than the intermediate only in the cut time of 549 days; contrarily, the brix of the sugar cane was superior to the intermediate varieties in the last cut. The early varieties presented larger total ruminal fill and lower fiber digestion rate. The degradable fraction of the fiber was reduced and the undegradable fraction was linearly increased with the age of the plants.

Avaliação de Três Cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. sob Pastejo: Composição Química e Digestibilidade da Forragem

A study was conducted to evaluate three cultivars of Panicum maximum Jacq. under rotational grazing for the nutritive value,where the estimates of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose, silica, and in vitro digestibility of the organic material were performed in samples of leaves and stems. Additional nitrogen was applied in cv. Tanzania at the end of the rainny season. Samples were taken in June, September, and October 1998 and in March 1999. Some differences among treatments were observed. In general, cv. Massai showed a lower nutritive value with lower crude protein and digestibility, and higher neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin, either in samples of leaves or in stems. Therefore, its utilization as a forage option should be based on other agronomic characteristics. The cv. Mombaca exhibited higher concentrations of silica and its nutritive value was not affected by nitrogen fertilization at the end of the rainny season, except for an increase in the percentage of crude protein and a reduction in the amount of lignin and silica in March. The nutritive value of the stems was inferior to the leaves. The nutritive value was highest in all treatments at the beginning of the rainny period.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais e produção de forragem do capim-marandu submetido a intensidades e freqüências de desfolhação

This trial was carried out to evaluate the influence of defoliation intensities (10 and 20 cm stubble height) and defoliation frequencies (three cut intervals based on the appearance of 5, 7 and 9 leaves/tiller after each defoliation event) on the morphogenetic and structural traits, tillering and herbage production of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu swards. Treatments were allocated to experimental units according to a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with three replications, in a total of 18 experimental units. Two cuts were performed in the most frequent treatment and one cut for the remaining treatments. Greater defoliation intensity resulted in greater leaf tissue turn over and, when combined to greater defoliation frequencies resulted in younger tillers, which grew up in an environment with lesser light competition. Cutting intensity at 20 cm favored tiller transition from vegetative to reproductive stage, resulting in greater contribution of pseudo stem and dead material to the herbage mass. If frequent defoliation is used, the 10 cm stubble height is the recommended intensity. If less frequent defoliation is used, the 10 cm stubble height may decrease herbage yield, mainly when using the seven leaves frequency. Greater defoliation frequencies showed greater sward renovation, with greater leaf elongation and leaf appearance rates, greater leaf blade length and lesser pseudo-stem accumulation and elongation. Although greater herbage production was obtained at the 20 cm cutting height and 7 leaves frequency, considering all evaluated traits, more frequent cuts promoted greater tissue turn over with high herbage production characterized by its high amount of leaves and less amount of pseudo stem and dead material, allowing for higher herbage production efficiency.

Avaliação de três cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. sob pastejo: composição da dieta, consumo de matéria seca e ganho de peso animal

Three varieties of Panicum maximum Jacq. were evaluated by measuring the botanical and chemical composition of the diet, and the dry matter intake and weight gain of the animal under rotational grazing, before and after a period of grazing. The treatments were: 1) v. Tanzânia + 50 kg N/ha, 2) v. Tanzânia + 100 kg N/ha, 3) v. Mombaca + 50 kg N/ha, and 4) v. Massai + 50 kg N/ha. Of the diets selected by the animals, v. Massai tended to show lower values for digestibility and crude protein, and higher values for neutral detergent fiber; however, in general, the diets containing v. Mombaca had higher values for silica. The animals selected an average of 92.4% green leaves, independent of treatment and season of sampling. The animals consumed similar quantities of forage on the diverse treatments, with average intakes of 1.9, 2.8, 3.4, and 2.3 kg DM/100 kg BW, respectively, for June, September and November of 1998 and March of 1999. Low weight gains of the animals on v. Massai were verified, but due to the higher availability of forage during the rainy season, the weight gains per hectare were higher than for v. Mombaca + 50 kg N/ha and v. Tanzânia+ 50 kg N/ha. Factors which had the most positive influence on weight gain of the animals were quantity of leaves, height of the pasture, crude protein content of the diet selected by the animals, and size of the bite.