Donald Penner

Cell selection and inheritance of imidazolinone resistance in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)

Abstractu2002Sugarbeets are sensitive to imidazolinone herbicide residues applied to rotational crops. Two imidazolinone-resistance (IMI-R) sugarbeet traits were developed by somatic cell selection to overcome rotation restrictions for sugarbeets where imidazolinones have been applied. Sir-13 is an IMI-R/SU-S (sulfonylurea-sensitive) variant selected from an imidazolinone-sensitive (IMI-S) sugarbeet clone, REL-1. A second variant, 93R30B, resistant to imidazolinone as well as to sulfonylurea herbicides (IMI-R/SU-R), was selected from a plant homozygous for a previously described sulfonylurea-specific resistance trait, Sur (IMI-S/SU-R). The IMI-R alleles (Sir-13 and 93R30B) were found to be corresponding allelic variants at the same ALS locus and both were tightly associated with the Sur allele. Each resistant allele is dominant to the sensitive wild-type allele; however, incomplete dominance is shown among resistance alleles. Diploid sugarbeet contains a single ALS gene copy, limiting the ability to stack these resistance traits in the same plant by traditional breeding.

Interaction of antioxidants with ozone and herbicide stress

Antioxidants are compounds used to prevent the reactions of organic materials with molecular oxygen. Antioxidants are used to protect foods and other products from discoloration and spoilage, thus sodium benzoate is added to bread to prolong its shelf life. Other antioxidants such as piperonyl butoxide (..cap alpha..-(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene) and sesamex (a component of sesame oil) are used as insecticide synergists. Both of these compounds are potent microsomal mixed function oxidase (m.f.o.) inhibitors and when applied in combination with certain insecticides increase the insecticides potency by decreasing the rate at which insects can detoxify the insecticides. In plants, EDU (N-(2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidiny)ethyl)-N-phenylurea has been reported to protect pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and piperonyl butoxide to protect tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) from ozone injury. The purpose of this study was to a) evaluate the antioxidants EDU, piperonyl butoxide, and n-propyl gallate, as protectants against ozone injury in navy bean, and b) to determine if these antioxidants could function as herbicide synergists just as piperonyl butoxide functions as an insecticide synergist.

The use of additives, temperature, and plant position to increase efficacy of dinoseb for potato (Solanum tuberosum) vine desiccation

Chemical vine desiccation is an important management practice for late season potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Michigan. A number of desiccants are registered; however, most Michigan growers apply dinoseb (2-sec- butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol). Greenhouse experiments were initiated to evaluate the potential of ammonium salts and ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid) to increase the efficacy of the chemical harvest aids dinoseb and endothall (7-oxabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) on potato vines. Temperature and potato vine position were evaluated to determine their influence on vine desiccation.All treatments with endothall applied at 0.6 kg/ha resulted in unsatisfactory potato vine desiccation. Ethephon and ammonium sulfate increased efficacy of dinoseb. High temperature both before and after treatment contributed to greater dinoseb efficacy. The horizontal placing of potato vines resulted in the desired desiccation rating of 9.0 or greater using the combination of dinoseb at 2.8 kg/ha, plus ammonium sulfate at 9 kg/ha plus 2.4 L/ha X-77 surfactant.3ResumenEl secado quimico del follaje es una práctica de manejo importante en la producción de papas tardias (Solanum tuberosum 1.) en Michigan. Existe un número de desecantes registrados, sin embargo, la mayoría de los agricultures en Michigan aplican dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrofenol). Experimentos de invernadero fueron iniciados para evaluar el potencial de sales de amonio y ethephon ((2-cloroetyl) ácido fosfónico) en el incremento de la eficacia de los productos químicos que favorecen la cosecha dinoseb y endothall (7-oxabicyclo[2,2,1]heptano-2,3-ácido dicarboxilico) en follaje de papa. Temperatura y la posición del follaje fueron evaluadas para determinar su influencia en el secado del follaje.Todos los tratamientos con endothall, aplicado a la dosis de 0.6 kg/ha, resultaron en un secado insatisfactorio del follaje de papa. Ethepon y sulfato de amonio incrementaron la eficacia de dinoseb. Temperaturas altas, antes y despues del tratamiento, contribuyeron a una mayor eficacia de dinoseb. La colocación horizontal de las hojas y follaje resultó) en un secado de grado 9.0 ó mayor cuando se usó una combinación de dinoseb, a la dosis de 2.8 kg/ha, más sulfato de amonio a 9 kg/ha más 2.4 L/ha de surfactante X-77.

Plant uptake of MBOCA [4,4'-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline)]

Abstract[14C]-MBOCA was absorbed by cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), bean (Phaseohs vulgaris L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves, but did not move beyond the absorption point. Radio autographs of bean, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and carrot (Daucus carrota L.) plants exposed to [14C]-MBOCA via hydroponic culture showed considerable radioactivity associated with the roots with only limited translocation of [14C] into upper plant parts. Bean and cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) plants grown in [14C]-MBOCA amended soil translocated virtually no [14C] into aerial parts, but again considerable radioactivity was found on roots. Radioactivity could not be rinsed off roots with water or acetone, and a small amount of radioactivity was observed in the xylem-phloem layer of the carrot root.

Fate of MBOCA [4,4'-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline)] in soil

Abstract[14C]-MBOCA [4,4′-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline)] was rapidly bound to soil with most of the binding occurring within the first 24 hr after application. After 24 weeks, less than 20% of the radio-activity could be extracted from soil and less than 6% could be extracted as parent MBOCA. MBOCA has a water solubility of 13.9 mg/L and the MBOCA-soil adsorption isotherm indicates a strong affinity of MBOCA to soil. The predominant metabolite found in the non-sterile soil was identified as 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dichlorobenzophenone. Less than 1% of applied radioactivity was released as [14C]-CO2 during the 24 week experiment, indicating that soil microbes were capable of very limited mineralization of MBOCA.