Durmus Kaya

Experimental study on regaining the tangential velocity energy of axial flow pump

Axial flow pumps are widely used in a wide range of applications. Although a different range of axial pump designs can be observed, axial flow pumps are usually designed for high flow rate and low pressure applications. In this study, two different axial flow pump impellers with and without guide vanes are experimentally investigated. The impellers used in the experiments consist of three and four blades. The guide vanes have seven vanes. The experimental set up mainly includes an axial pump, electrical drive motor, storage and calibration tanks and control system. Different impellers are attached to the pump, and the pump characteristics are obtained. As a result of the investigation, it is found that using guide vanes and regaining the tangential velocity energy of the pump improves the total pump efficiency about 3%. Also, the maximum efficiency improvement is obtained at 1000 rpm using guide vanes with a four blade impeller as 65.3%.

Strategy development and determination of barriers for thermal energy and electricity generation from agricultural biomass in Turkey

The present work deals with determining barriers for thermal energy and electricity generation from agricultural biomass in Turkey. Strategy development and determination of barriers were investigated in accordance with the work program requirements for the project entitled “Exploitation of Agricultural Waste in Turkey” under the European Life Third Countries Program. The study has been organized and presented according to the following three phases: (i) market barriers for electricity and thermal energy generation (ii) identification of barriers to the promotion of agricultural waste exploitation in Turkey, and (iii) conclusions for strategy development.

Simulation Study of a PEM Fuel Cell System with Steam Reforming

Abstract This article summarizes the results of a study for a 100 kWe DC electrical power PEM fuel cell system. The system consists of a pre-steam reformer, a steam reformer, high and low temperature shift reactors, a preferential oxidation reactor, a PEM fuel cell, a combustor, and an expander. Acceptable net electrical efficiency levels can be achieved via intensive heat integration within the PEM fuel cell system. The calculations take into account the auxiliary equipment such as pumps, com pressors, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers and pipes. The process simulation package “Aspen-HYSYS 3.1’’ has been used. The operation parameters of the reactors have been determined considering all the technical limitations involved. A gasoline type hydrocarbon fuel has been studied as hydrogen rich gas source. Thermal efficiencies have been calculated for all of the major system components for selected operation conditions. The fuel cell stack efficiency has been calculated as a function of cell numbers (500, 750, 1000, and 1250 cells). Efficiencies of all of the major system components along with auxiliary unit efficiencies determine the net electrical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. The obtained net electrical efficiency levels are between 34 (500 cells) to 41% (1250 cells). #Contributed by the Organizing Committee for the First International Exergy, Energy and Environment Symposium (IEEES-1). Paper presented at IEEES-1, Izmir, Turkey,13-17 July 2003. Manuscript received by IJGE on 2003-12-23; final revision received on 2004-02-10. Corresponding guest editors: I. Dincer and A. Hepbasli.

The prospective of potential biogas plants that can utilize animal manure in Turkey

The feasibility study of potential biogas plants was conducted on a nationwide scale that may be established in each province of Turkey using potentially 10% of all annually collected animal manure. The analysis was carried out using the centralized anaerobic digestion model at thermophilic temperatures. Both equations and data used to calculate the capital and operating cost of biogas plants, as well as combined heat and power system were obtained from the available literature. The production of methane, electrical and heat energy, digestate, revenues, and CO2 savings due to biogas process were evaluated. The economic viability of biogas plants was evaluated based on the net present value (NPV), benefit-to-cost ratio (B/C ratio), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PBP) based on the inclusion and exclusion of heat revenues at two different electricity purchase prices (0.066 and 0.11 ş/kWh). The results showed that the highest amounts of electrical and heat energy generated were for East Marmara (380.22 GWhe/year and 434.54 GWht/year), respectively, while those of the lowest production were for Istanbul region, 5.25 (GWhe/year), and 6.00 (GWht/year), respectively. The revenues from the produced electrical energy ranged from 0.35 Million Euros per year for Istanbul region to 25.09 Million Euros per year for East Marmara region while the heat revenues from biogas production ranged from 0.20 Million Euros per year for Istanbul region to 14.43 Million Euros per year for East Marmara region. It has been concluded that certain financial mechanisms have to be put into effect, such as increasing market price of electricity produced from biogas plants to give an incentive to biogas producers, as well as fundraising to support construction of biogas plants, and offering both long-term credits and tax breaks for investors.

Assessment of the applicability of EU biomass technologies in Turkey

An assessment of the applicability of EU biomass technologies in Turkey is presented. SWOT analysis was applied for the implementation of EU biomass technology in Turkey. Market overview, EU biomass technologies implementation in Turkey, market competition and comparison with competing fuels, manufacturers-distribution channels-sales networks, application areas, investment incentives-financing techniques, the changing market conditions and critical success factors were assessed in this study. An ultimate objective of this study is to transfer the European experience and practices relative to the overall framework of managing agricultural waste.

Methane Production from Plant Wastes and Chicken Manure at Different Working Conditions of a One-stage Anaerobic Digester

Abstract This article presents laboratory scale studies on the anaerobic digestion of plant wastes using a continuously flow type vertical cylindrical biogas plant. In the first experiment, plant wastes and chicken manure mixture at a dry matter content of 12%, retention time of 30 days, and fermentation temperature of 35°C were examined (Exp. 1). In the second experiment, fermentation material was grass and grass silage, covered marketplace wastes, rumen waste, chicken manure, and cattle manure. The experiments were conducted at a dry matter content of 9%, retention time of 47 days, and fermentation temperature of 35°C (Exp. 2). According to the results, biogas production was 1,055.7 l per day in Exp. 1 and 721.4 l per day in Exp. 2. The raw material specific biogas production was 0.310 l per g of organic dry matter per day in Exp. 1 and 0.443 l per g of organic dry matter per day in Exp. 2. The reactor specific biogas production was 1.05 l per l per day in Exp. 1 and 0.72 l per l per day in Exp. 2. Reactor specific methane production was 0.425 l per l per day in Exp. 1 and 0.381 l per l per day in Exp. 2. Raw material specific methane production was 0.125 l per g of organic dry matter per day in Exp. 1 and 0.234 l per g of organic dry matter per day in Exp. 2. The material pH value was 5.59 and 6.15 for inlet and 7.97 and 8.19 for outlet for Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. The methane content ranged between 40.3 and 52.9%.

Energy conservation opportunities in lighting systems

This study presents the calculation and evaluation of the energy losses associated with lighting systems and their operation costs to users. It also shows how to reduce the cost of lighting systems in existing facilities by making some modifications together with payback periods. The recommendations are based on observations and measurements during industrial assessment of fourteen manufacturing facilities in Arizona for six months. Among the measures investigated are: (i) installing high efficiency fluorescent lamps and electronic ballasts; (ii) replacing the incandescent lighting with low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps; (iii) installing skylights; (iv) installing occupancy sensors. The potential saving associated with each measure is also illustrated by using realistic examples.

An energy efficiency analysis of an industrial reheating furnace and an implementation of efficiency enhancements methods

Rapid consumption of energy resources, increasing energy needs, the competitive conditions in the industry and environmental concerns, all of those call for efficient use of energy resources. In this context, energy efficiency studies were carried out in a rolling mill of a reheating furnace of an integrated industrial enterprise. In studies, some important efficiency measurements were conducted, mass and energy balances were established by using the results of these measurements and the operating data of the plant along with energy saving opportunities, with the specified amounts and repayment periods were determined. Energy conservation studies that can be realized in the reheating furnace were considered including operation of the reheating furnace with the pertinent excess air coefficient, compensation of the air leakage losses in the recuperator and establishment of the economizer in the furnace. As a result of these investigations some saving opportunities were determined and a new recuperator, economizer and gas analyzer were installed in the reheating furnace leading in total of 2,913,924 kcal/h of energy savings. After the implementation of energy saving measures, reheating furnace efficiency was increased from 61.83% to 69.43%.

Renewable Energy Policies in Turkey

ABSTRACT Achieving solutions to environmental problems that we face today requires long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of most efficient and effective solutions. Although, Turkey has substantial reserves of renewable energy resources, actual utilization of these resources is quite low. The aim of this study is to investigate the renewable energy policies and the political organizations that shape these policies. In these concepts, the renewable energy potential of Turkey, the effective utilization of this potential, the energy politics, the political organizations, incentives, pricing and buying mechanisms, research and development studies, and barriers for development of renewable energy are investigated. In conclusion, proposals and recommendations are given to overcome the problems.

The effect of thermal camera and pyrometer usage in industrial tempering furnaces on optimum combustion performance

The decrease of energy sources, the increase of energy need and energy costs, competitive conditions in industry and environmental sensitivity require the effective usage of energy sources. In this study, optimum combustion study by using thermal camera and pyrometer in the correct heat furnace of an industry plant for the effective usage of energy in industry. For this reason, in tempering furnace of a milling roll workshop, in order to control the efficiency of tempering, detect the flame length and color and control the homogeneous tempering, 4 thermal cameras and 4 pyrometers have been assembled to the appropriate locations of the furnace. In the study, the tempering furnace has been observed and the results of observations have been evaluated. The contribution of the changes made to the production has been calculated by the information obtained from thermal camera and pyrometer and has been examined with the date of reimbursement. Possible spare part and production saving has been established as 364,...