H. Huseyin Ozturk

Energetic and exergetic efficiency of latent heat storage system for greenhouse heating

In this research, solar energy has been stored using the paraffin with the latent heat technique for heating the plastic greenhouse of 180 m2. Energy and exergy analyses were applied for evaluation of the system efficiency. An average values of the rates of heat and thermal exergy stored into the HSU were 1 740 W and 60 W for the charging periods. It was determined that the average values of the net energy and exergy efficiencies of the system were 41.9% and 3.3%, respectively.

Energy exploitation of agricultural biomass potential in Turkey

The objective of this study is to determine the agricultural biomass potential in terms of types, quantities, regional distribution in Turkey, and to review and assess efficient technologies for energy exploitation of agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. The calorific values of a selection of agricultural residues were determined by stoichiometric analyses. It was found that the total calorific value of the field crop residues was around 228 PJ for the production period of 2002–2003 in Turkey. The major crops that take place in the ratio of the total calorific value are maize (33.4%), wheat (27.6%), and cotton (18.1%). The total calorific value of the fruit residue was 75 PJ. The major fruits are hazelnut (55.8%) and olive (25.9%) for the agricultural biomass. The total calorific values for cow, sheep, and poultry wastes in Turkey were found to be approximately 47.8, 3.6, and 8.7 PJ/year, respectively. Thus, the total agricultural biomass potential was found to be approximately 363.1 PJ/year for the production period of 2002–2003 in Turkey. The available agricultural and animal residues in Turkey have been estimated to be roughly equal to 22–27% of energy consumption in Turkey. However, the actual role of bio-fuels in energy production is minimal. The most efficient way to utilise bio-fuels in energy production is combined heat and power production. The most potential applications to utilise agro-bio-fuels in energy production in Turkey seem to be relatively small-scale applications. The most interesting size of the plant is below 10–20 MW.

Energy Analysis of the Tillage Systems in Second Crop Corn Production

ABSTRACT The aim of this experiment, to examine the energy input and output in the second crop corn production using four different tillage systems for soil preparation: (1) minimum tillage with stubble (MTS), (2) minimum tillage without stubble (MT), (3) conventional tillage with stubble (CTS), and (4) conventional tillage without stubble (CT). Corn was sown as a second crop just after harvest of wheat. Direct and indirect energy inputs consisting of machinery, fertilizers, seeds, irrigations and chemicals were converted into energy units according to their amounts being consumed. The machinery and fuel energy inputs for the tillage operation were reduced 53.7% with MT compared to CTS. The total energy input for producing corn utilizing CTS was 20,608 MJ/ha, compared to 19,102 MJ/ha for producing corn with MT. When the grain yield was taken into account, the energy output/input ratios for MTS, MT, CTS and CT were estimated to be 6.3, 7.6, 6.6 and 7.0, respectively. The tillage systems did not statistically affect uniformity of plant spacing, but statistically affected the yield. The grain yield was the greatest (8,719 kg/ha) in CT compared to the other tillage treatments.

Second Law Analysis for Solar Cookers

Abstract This article presents the importance and usefulness of Second Law (exergy) analysis for evaluating and comparing solar cookers in meaningful ways. The thermodynamic considerations required for the development of rational and meaningful methodologies for the evaluation and comparison of the efficiency of the solar cookers were defined. Energy and exergy equations were also developed to obtain energy and exergy efficiencies of the solar cookers. The evaluation of the solar cookers requires a measure of efficiency, which is rational, meaningful, and practical. Exergy analysis provides an alternative means of evaluating and comparing the solar cookers. Since exergy is a measure of the quality or usefulness of energy, exergy efficiency measures are more significant than energy efficiency measures, exergy analysis should be considered in the evaluation of the solar cookers.

An Analysis of Energy Utilization for Sustainable Wheat and Cotton Production in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the energy input and output for wheat and cotton production in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The data used in this study were collected through a questionnaire by face-to-face interviews. In the study, the inputs included human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, oil, fertilizers and seeds which were taken into account in calculation of energy use for wheat and cotton production. Energy values were calculated by multiplying the amounts of inputs and outputs by their energy equivalents with the use of related conversion factors. The output/input ratio was determined by dividing the output value by the input. The total energy used in various farm inputs were 17160 MJ/ha for wheat and 39538 MJ/ha for cotton production. The energy output/input ratio was found to be 2.21 for wheat and 2.38 for cotton production. The specific energy for wheat and cotton production was 7.18 MJ/kg and 10.52 MJ/kg, while the energy productivity was found to be of the order of 0.14 kg/MJ and 0.095 kg/MJ, respectively. The results of the study reveal that improper production techniques applied at improper time, and irrational input use are the main causes of inefficiencies in energy use. Reduced tillage methods should be adopted in order to achieve considerable savings, particularly in mechanical energy.

Strategy development and determination of barriers for thermal energy and electricity generation from agricultural biomass in Turkey

The present work deals with determining barriers for thermal energy and electricity generation from agricultural biomass in Turkey. Strategy development and determination of barriers were investigated in accordance with the work program requirements for the project entitled “Exploitation of Agricultural Waste in Turkey” under the European Life Third Countries Program. The study has been organized and presented according to the following three phases: (i) market barriers for electricity and thermal energy generation (ii) identification of barriers to the promotion of agricultural waste exploitation in Turkey, and (iii) conclusions for strategy development.

The prospective of potential biogas plants that can utilize animal manure in Turkey

The feasibility study of potential biogas plants was conducted on a nationwide scale that may be established in each province of Turkey using potentially 10% of all annually collected animal manure. The analysis was carried out using the centralized anaerobic digestion model at thermophilic temperatures. Both equations and data used to calculate the capital and operating cost of biogas plants, as well as combined heat and power system were obtained from the available literature. The production of methane, electrical and heat energy, digestate, revenues, and CO2 savings due to biogas process were evaluated. The economic viability of biogas plants was evaluated based on the net present value (NPV), benefit-to-cost ratio (B/C ratio), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PBP) based on the inclusion and exclusion of heat revenues at two different electricity purchase prices (0.066 and 0.11 ş/kWh). The results showed that the highest amounts of electrical and heat energy generated were for East Marmara (380.22 GWhe/year and 434.54 GWht/year), respectively, while those of the lowest production were for Istanbul region, 5.25 (GWhe/year), and 6.00 (GWht/year), respectively. The revenues from the produced electrical energy ranged from 0.35 Million Euros per year for Istanbul region to 25.09 Million Euros per year for East Marmara region while the heat revenues from biogas production ranged from 0.20 Million Euros per year for Istanbul region to 14.43 Million Euros per year for East Marmara region. It has been concluded that certain financial mechanisms have to be put into effect, such as increasing market price of electricity produced from biogas plants to give an incentive to biogas producers, as well as fundraising to support construction of biogas plants, and offering both long-term credits and tax breaks for investors.

Assessment of the applicability of EU biomass technologies in Turkey

An assessment of the applicability of EU biomass technologies in Turkey is presented. SWOT analysis was applied for the implementation of EU biomass technology in Turkey. Market overview, EU biomass technologies implementation in Turkey, market competition and comparison with competing fuels, manufacturers-distribution channels-sales networks, application areas, investment incentives-financing techniques, the changing market conditions and critical success factors were assessed in this study. An ultimate objective of this study is to transfer the European experience and practices relative to the overall framework of managing agricultural waste.

Energy Analysis for Biodiesel Production from Rapeseed Oil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy input and output for winter rapeseed cultivation and biodiesel production from rapeseed oil. The total energy use for winter rapeseed cultivation and biodiesel production proceses were 10485.04 MJ/ha and 9199.48 MJ/ha, respectively. The total energy inputs for winter rapeseed cultivation were consisted of 2599.15 MJ/ha direct energy input and 7885.89 MJ/ha indirect energy input. The total energy input was calculated as 4889.66 MJ/t for winter rapeseed cultivation. The average rapeseed and straw yield were 2144.4 kg and 1154.6 kg per hectare cultivated area, respectively. The energy output of rapeseed 56826.6 MJ/ha, if only the seed was taken into account. The output/input ratio for rapeseed cultivation was 7.30 if straw was included. The net energy production was calculated as 66085.22 MJ per hectare of cultivated area. The total energy input was 19684.52 MJ/ha for rapeseed biodiesel production. The energy consumed for the conversion of refined rapese...The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy input and output for winter rapeseed cultivation and biodiesel production from rapeseed oil. The total energy use for winter rapeseed cultivation and biodiesel production proceses were 10485.04 MJ/ha and 9199.48 MJ/ha, respectively. The total energy inputs for winter rapeseed cultivation were consisted of 2599.15 MJ/ha direct energy input and 7885.89 MJ/ha indirect energy input. The total energy input was calculated as 4889.66 MJ/t for winter rapeseed cultivation. The average rapeseed and straw yield were 2144.4 kg and 1154.6 kg per hectare cultivated area, respectively. The energy output of rapeseed 56826.6 MJ/ha, if only the seed was taken into account. The output/input ratio for rapeseed cultivation was 7.30 if straw was included. The net energy production was calculated as 66085.22 MJ per hectare of cultivated area. The total energy input was 19684.52 MJ/ha for rapeseed biodiesel production. The energy consumed for the conversion of refined rapeseed oil into biofuel was 6197.32 MJ/ha, which accounted for 67.37% of the total energy consumtion of biodiesel production processes. The total energy output of rapeseed biodiesel processes was consisted of 26768.97 MJ/ha in the form of biodiesel, 4095.8 MJ/ha of in the form of rapeseed meal (cake) and 2558.99 MJ/ha in the form of glycerin. The energy ratio was 2.70 for the rapeseed biodiesel production chain. The specific energy and the energy productivity for rapeseed biodiesel production were calculated as 24.41 MJ/kg and 0.0409 kg/MJ, respectively. The net biodiesel production was 7084.45 MJ/ha, which correspond to 213.39 L biodiesel per hectare of cultivated area.

A Study of Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation in the Province of Adana in Turkey

In this study, the examination of techno-economic feasibility analysis of a solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation were carried out by taken into account a PV power plant that has the capacity of 100 kWe as an example, in the province of Adana, Turkey. For this purpose, the technical characteristics of the PV array, the amount of electricity production, the cost of electricity production, investment and operating costs, payback periods and the amount of CO2 emissions reduction were determined for the solar PV plant. By using the total area of 653.4 m2 PV cell, total 135,403 MWh of electricity was produced in the power plant. To this end, total 5 units of PV arrays were required with the surface area of 130.7 m2 each. In this case, the system efficiency was determined as 12.2%, the annual specific efficiency of the system was 1,352 kWh/kW and the amount of CO2 emissions reduction was obtained as 119,830 Mg/year. The payback period of the system was 7.8 years and the electricity production cost was 0.1400 TL (Turkish Liras)/kWh, respectively.