E.J.M. Nieveen van Dijkum

Quality of life after curative or palliative surgical treatment of pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma

Quality of life (QOL) is an important outcome measure after treatment of pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to analyse QOL after surgery for resectable pancreatic or periampullary carcinoma.

Laparoscopic ultrasonography for staging of gastrointestinal malignancy.

BACKGROUND Diagnostic laparoscopy has been used frequently as a preoperative staging procedure for different gastrointestinal malignancies. The assessment of solid abdominal organs and retroperitoneal ingrowth or detection of lymph-node metastasis is limited, however. A recent development, laparoscopic ultrasonography, will probably increase the preoperative evaluation of these lesions and thus further improve the preoperative staging. METHOD Since 1993 diagnostic laparoscopy combined with laparoscopic ultrasonography has been performed as an additional diagnostic procedure in patients who have already been selected for curative resection of different GI malignancies. In this prospective study, staging after conventional work-up is compared with the tumour stage after laparoscopy. All patients underwent exploratory laparotomy except those with histologically proven metastases/ingrowth. RESULTS For patients with cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia (n = 56) the preoperative stage was altered in 17% but laparotomy could only be avoided in 5% (for a subgroup of patients with a tumour of the gastric cardia laparotomy was avoided in 11%). Additional findings during laparoscopy showed that laparotomy could be avoided in 55% of the patients (n = 44) with primary liver tumours, liver metastasis or proximal bile duct tumours. For patients with pancreatic head tumours (n = 73) the preoperative stage of the tumor changed in 40%; the strategy of treatment was changed in 26% and laparotomy could be avoided in 20%. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy combined with laparoscopic ultrasonography is effective (more accurate) in the staging of gastrointestinal malignancies, in particular for patients with liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours. The preoperative tumour stage changed between 15 and 60% for the different gastrointestinal malignancies and laparotomy could be avoided in 5-55%. The procedure is highly operator-dependent and has a learning curve.

Value of laparoscopic ultrasonography in staging of proximal bile duct tumors

The additional value of laparoscopic ultrasonography was evaluated prospectively in 35 patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy for a suspected potentially resectable proximal bile duct tumor. Findings were compared with transabdominal ultrasonography, laparoscopy, surgery, and pathology. Laparoscopic ultrasonography was able to visualize the presence and origin of small bile duct tumors or stones and small liver metastases, which could not be seen or could be visualized only doubtfully by ultrasonography and laparoscopy. Laparoscopic ultrasonography was more useful in staging of small tumors of the gallbladder or proximal common bile duct than in staging bifurcation (Klatskin) tumors. Additional information provided by laparoscopic ultrasonography led to a change in diagnosis or tumor stage in eight patients (23%) and to avoidance of laparotomy in three patients (9%).

Cytology of peritoneal lavage performed during staging laparoscopy for gastrointestinal malignancies: is it useful?

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential benefit of cytology of the peritoneal lavage obtained during diagnostic laparoscopy for staging gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Peritoneal lavage is a simple procedure that can be performed during laparotomy for GI tumors. Tumor cells in the lavage fluid are thought to indicate intraperitoneal tumor seeding and to have a negative effect on survival. For this reason, peritoneal lavage is frequently added to diagnostic laparoscopy for staging GI malignancies. METHODS Patients who underwent peritoneal lavage during laparoscopic staging for GI malignancies between June 1992 and September 1997 were included. Lavage fluids were stained using Giemsa and Papanicolaou methods. Cytology results were correlated with the presence of metastases and tumor ingrowth found during laparoscopy and with survival. RESULTS Cytology of peritoneal lavage was performed in 449 patients. Tumor cells were found in 28 patients (6%): 8/87 with an esophageal tumor, 2/32 with liver metastases, 11/72 with a proximal bile duct tumor, 7/236 with a periampullary tumor, and none in 7 and 15 patients with a primary liver tumor or pancreatic body or tail tumor, respectively. In 19 of the 28 patients (68%) in whom tumor cells were found, metastatic disease was detected during laparoscopy, and 3 of the 28 patients had a false-positive (n = 1) or a misleading positive (n = 2) lavage result. Therefore, lavage was beneficial in only 6/449 patients (1.3%); in these patients, the lavage result changed the assessment of tumor stage and adequately predicted irresectable disease. Univariate analysis showed a significant survival difference between patients in whom lavage detected tumor cells and those in whom it did not, but multivariate analysis revealed that these survival differences were caused by metastatic or ingrowing disease. CONCLUSION Cytology of peritoneal lavage with conventional staining should no longer be performed during laparoscopic staging of GI malignancies because it provides an additional benefit in only 1.3% of patients and has limited prognostic value for survival in this group of patients.

Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in staging carcinoma of the gastric cardia.

Objective: To investigate the role of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of carcinoma of the gastric cardia that is involving the distal oesophagus. Design: Retrospective consecutive case series. Setting: Tertiary care centre, The Netherlands. Subjects: 48 patients (34 men and 14 women, median age 63 years, range 39-84) who presented with tumours of the gastric cardia that involved the distal oesophagus and in whom non-invasive staging had not shown unresectable locoregional disease or distant metastases. Interventions: In addition to laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography, biopsy of all suspected lesions outside the area of potential resection. Main outcome measures: Number of patients in whom the findings obviated the need for exploratory laparotomy. Results: There were no complications related to the laparoscopy. The investigation showed distant metastases (which were histologically verified) in 11 patients (23%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 30). These pa...

Surgery for adrenocortical carcinoma in The Netherlands: analysis of the national cancer registry data

OBJECTIVE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with an estimated incidence of one to two cases per 1 million inhabitants. The Dutch Adrenal Network (DAN) was initiated with the aim to improve patient care and to stimulate scientific research on ACC. Currently, not all patients with ACC are treated in specialized DAN hospitals. The objective of the current investigation was to determine whether there are differences in survival between patients operated on in DAN hospitals and those operated on in non-DAN hospitals. DESIGN The study was set up as a retrospective and population-based survival analysis. METHODS Data on all adult ACC patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2009 were obtained from The Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). Overall survival was calculated and a comparison was made between DAN and non-DAN hospitals. RESULTS The NCR contained data of 189 patients. The median survival of patients with European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors stages I-III disease was significantly longer for patients operated on in a DAN hospital (n=46) than for those operated on in a non-DAN hospital (n=37, 5-year survival 63 vs 42%). Survival remained significantly different after correction for sex, age, year of diagnosis, and stage of disease in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 1.96 (95% CI 1.01-3.81), P=0.047). CONCLUSION The results associate surgery in a DAN center with a survival benefit for patients with local or locally advanced ACC. We hypothesize that a multidisciplinary approach for these patients explains the observed survival benefit. These findings should be carefully considered in view of the aim for further centralization of ACC treatment.

Laparoscopic ultrasonography for abdominal tumor staging

Abstract. In recent years, laparoscopic ultrasonography has been introduced as an adjunct to diagnostic laparoscopy for staging of tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, and pancreas. It has proved feasible to visualize most anatomic structures in the upper abdomen consistently and in detail with laparoscopic ultrasonography. Recent publications indicate that laparoscopic ultrasonography may be useful for detecting small liver metastases, lymph node metastases, small primary tumors of the pancreas and bile ducts, and for the assessment of the local extension of tumors of the pancreas and stomach. The ongoing improvements in US technology and the results of larger studies will in the near future determine the precise place of this new imaging modality for staging of abdominal tumors.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Uncommon cause of a leg ulcer.

INTRODUCTION Most leg ulcers are vascular based. Only if vascular therapy fails other causes are considered. We report the case of a female with incapacitating leg ulcers caused by a rare condition which was only diagnosed after failing treatment. PRESENTATION OF CASE The female had an extensive previous history including diabetes, renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease and presented with three large and painful ulcers on her left lower leg. Standard treatment with antibiotics, wound excision and additional treatment with hyperbaric oxygen were ineffective. One month post hospital-admission calciphylaxis cutis caused by renal failure induced secondary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed. Surgical treatment by a parathyroidectomy induced rapid regeneration of the ulcers. DISCUSSION Our patients vast comorbidity and previous history had expanded differential considerations causing a delay in diagnosis. Our patients previous history led us to believe her ulcers were vascular based, however her chronic renal failure appeared responsible for her condition. CONCLUSION Although less probable than venous insufficiency and concomittant leg ulcers or other differential considerations, calciphylaxis cutis should be part of the differential diagnosis in any end stage renal disease-patient with unexplained ulcers as an effective therapy is readily available.

Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in staging carcinoma of the gastric cardia involving the distal oesophagus

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of carcinoma of the gastric cardia that is involving the distal oesophagus. DESIGN Retrospective consecutive case series. SETTING Tertiary care centre, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS 48 patients (34 men and 14 women, median age 63 years, range 39-84) who presented with tumours of the gastric cardia that involved the distal oesophagus and in whom non-invasive staging had not shown unresectable locoregional disease or distant metastases. INTERVENTIONS In addition to laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography, biopsy of all suspected lesions outside the area of potential resection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of patients in whom the findings obviated the need for exploratory laparotomy. RESULTS There were no complications related to the laparoscopy. The investigation showed distant metastases (which were histologically verified) in 11 patients (23%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 30). These patients had non-operative palliation. Seven were identified by laparoscopy, and laparoscopic ultrasonography showed the other four. In three patients whose distant metastases had already been identified by laparoscopy, ultrasonography was omitted. Three additional patients had suspect lesions, but these were not confirmed histologically. However, these lesions were shown to be cancerous at laparotomy. One additional patient had an intra-abdominal metastasis which was missed by laparoscopy with ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy with ultrasonography safely detected metastases that had not been shown by conventional staging investigations in 23% of 48 patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia. The investigation should therefore be added to the standard staging procedures in patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia that is involving the distal oesophagus.