Eckhard Koch

Control of seed-borne pathogens on legumes by microbial and other alternative seed treatments

Greenhouse trials were carried out in order to test the efficacy of different seed treatments as alternatives to chemicals against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum cause of anthracnose on bean and Ascochyta spp. cause of Ascochyta blights on pea, respectively. Resistance inducers, commercially formulated microorganisms, non-formulated selected strains of different microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and yeasts) and plant extracts were applied as dry or liquid seed treatments on naturally infested seeds. Seedling emergence and disease incidence and/or severity were recorded. Almost all seed treatments turned out to be ineffective in controlling the Ascochyta infections, which is in line with the literature stating that these pathogens are difficult to control. The only alternative treatments that gave some control of Ascochyta spp. were thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea. The resistance inducers tested successfully controlled infections of bean by C. lindemuthianum. Among the formulated microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis-based formulations provided the best protection from anthracnose. Some strains of Pseudomonas putida, a disease-suppressive, saprophytic strain of Fusarium oxysporum and the mustard powder-based product Tillecur also proved to be effective against bean anthracnose. However, among the resistance inducers as well as among the other groups, certain agents caused a significant reduction of plant emergence. Different alternative seed treatments can therefore be used for the control of C. lindemuthianum on bean, while on pea only thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea showed some effectiveness against Ascochyta spp.

Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for the control of Phoma valerianellae on lamb’s lettuce seeds

The aim of the present study was to identify seed treatment methods for eradicating Phoma valerianellae from lamb`s lettuce seeds in organic vegetable production. Using seeds naturally infested with the pathogen, the effect of three physical methods (hot water, aerated steam, electron treatment) and different agents of natural origin (micro-organisms, plant derived products, resistance inducers) was tested on moist filter paper, in seed trays under controlled conditions and in the field. In an initial screening, none of the tested putative resistance inducers prevented infection by P. valerianellae, while two out of seven formulated micro-organism preparations and six out of 16 experimental microbial strains were effective.When selected agents and the three physical seed treatment methods were compared in blotter and seed tray tests, the physical methods were generally the most effective treatments, while the micro-organism treatments were clearly less efficacious. However, in field experiments with the same seed lots and the same treatments, a statistically significant increase in plant stand was not obtained with any of the treatments. Combinations of the three physical treatment methods with selected non-chemical agents did not perform better than the physical treatments alone. The most effective alternative seed treatments identified in the present study, aerated steam, hot water, electron treatment and thyme oil (0.1%), can be recommended for eradication of P. valerianellae from lamb`s lettuce seeds in organic farming. Because their efficacy was generally as high as that of the chemical fungicide Aatiram (active ingredient thiram), they are also potentially suited for use in conventional vegetable production.ZusammenfassungZiel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, für den ökologi-schen Landbau geeignete Saatgutbehandlungsverfahren zur Bekämpfung von Phoma valerianellae an Feldsalat zu finden. Dazu wurde die Wirksamkeit von drei physikalischen Verfah-ren (Heißwasserbehandlung, Heißluftbehandlung, Elektronenbehandlung) und verschiedenen Agenzien natürlicher Herkunft (Mikroorganismen, pflanzliche Präparate, Resi-stenzinduktoren) mit natürlich infiziertem Saatgut auf Filter-papier, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen in Saatschalen-testen sowie in Feldversuchen untersucht. In der ersten Über-prüfung konnte keines der Mittel, bei denen eine Resistenz-induktion als Wirkmechanismus angenommen wurde, die Infektion mit P. valerianellae verhindern, während zwei von sieben formulierten Mikroorganismenpräparaten und sechs der 16 überprüften experimentellen Mikroorganismen Wirk-samkeit zeigten. Bei einem Vergleich ausgewählter nicht-che-mischer Mittel und der drei physikalischen Verfahren in Filter-papier- und Saatschalentesten waren die physikalischen Ver-fahren am effektivsten und die Mikroorganismen am wenigsten wirksam. Allerdings konnte in Feldversuchen mit dem glei-chen Saatgut und den gleichen Behandlungen mit keinem der Verfahren ein signifikanter Anstieg der Pflanzenzahl erreicht werden. Kombinierte Behandlungen aus physikalischen Ver-fahren und ausgewählten nicht-chemischen Mitteln erbrach-ten keine besseren Ergebnisse als die alleinige Anwendung der physikalischen Verfahren. Die wirksamsten in der vorlie-genden Untersuchung gefundenen Varianten (Heißluftbe-handlung, Heißwasserbehandlung, Elektronenbehandlung, Thymianöl [0.1%]) können für die Sanierung von Feld-salatsaatgut im Ökoanbau bei Befall mit P. valerianellae empfohlen werden. Da ihre Wirksamkeit in der Regel ähnlich hoch war wie die des chemischen Saatbeizmittels Aatiram (Aktivsubstanz: Thiram) erscheinen sie auch für den konven-tionellen Gemüseanbau potentiell geeignet.

Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for the control of Alternaria dauci and A. radicina on carrot seeds

The current study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of physical methods (hot water, aerated steam, electron treatment) and agents of natural origin (resistance inducers, plant derived products, micro-organisms) as seed treatments of carrots for control of Alternaria dauci and A. radicina. Control of both Alternaria species by seed treatment with the resistance inducers was generally poor. Results were also not satisfactory with most of the formulated commercial micro-organism preparations. Based on the average of five field trials, one of these, BA 2552 (Pseudomonas chlororaphis), provided a low but significant increase in plant stand. Among the experimental micro-organisms, the best results were obtained with Pseudomonas sp. strain MF 416 and Clonostachys rosea strain IK726. A similar level of efficacy was provided by seed treatment with an emulsion (1%) of thyme oil in water. Good and consistent control was generally achieved with the physical methods aerated steam, hot water and electron treatment. Aerated steam treatment was, apart from the thiram-containing chemical standard, the best single treatment, and its performance may at least partially be due to extensive pre-testing, resulting in dosages optimally adapted to the respective seed lot. In some of the experiments the effect of the hot water treatment, which was tested at a fixed, not specifically adapted dosage, was significantly improved when combined with a Pseudomonas sp. MF 416 or C. rosea IK726 treatment. The results are discussed in relation to the outcome of experiments in which the same seed treatment methods and agents were tested in other seed-borne vegetable pathosystems.

Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for control of Alternaria brassicicola on cabbage seeds.

Due to the lack of foliar fungicide use, the organic production of Brassica seeds free of Alternaria spp. is difficult. Therefore, effective seed treatments certified for use in organic farming are needed to eradicate or at least effectively reduce the seed-borne inoculum. We here report results of greenhouse and field experiments in which non-chemical seed treatments were tested for control of A. brassicicola on cabbage seeds naturally infested with the pathogen. In greenhouse experiments, significant improvements were obtained by seed treatment with some commercialised and experimental microbial biocontrol agents, an emulsion of thyme oil in water (0.1%) and by the tested physical seed treatments methods (i.e. hot water, aerated steam and electron seed treatment). Resistance inducers tended to increase the percentage of healthy plants, but the effects were statistically not significant. Generally the combination of physical treatments with the effective agents did not result in improved performance. Positive effects on crop establishment and yield by the same treatments were also observed in field tests. Overall the results indicate that several options for non-chemical control of A. brassicicola on Brassica seeds exist that are comparable in efficacy to the chemical standard Aatiram (active ingredient thiram) used in this study.

Non-chemical Seed Treatment in the Control of Seed-Borne Pathogens

Non-chemical seed treatments include physical treatments, microbial treatments and treatments with other agents of natural origin like plant powders or extracts. Physical treatments with hot water, aerated steam, or dry heat have successfully been applied to a range of crops against a range of target pathogens and are in commercial use primarily for vegetable seeds. They can be very effective but need to be optimised on a per seed lot basis.