Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino

Influência do processo de familiarização para avaliação da força muscular em testes de 1-RM

RESUMENInfluencia del proceso de familiarizacion para evaluacion de lafuerza muscular en tests de 1-RM Embora la utilizacion de tests de una repeticion maxima (1-RM)es frecuente para la evaluacion de la fuerza muscular, se acreditaque los resultados obtenidos puedan ser afectados por la falta defamiliarizacion previa, hasta mismo en sujetos con experiencia enejercicios con pesos. Asi, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigarel impacto del proceso de familiarizacion para evaluacion de la fuerzamuscular en tests de 1-RM. Por lo tanto, 21 hombres (24,5 ± 3,8anos), aparentemente saludables con experiencia previa de por lomenos seis meses de entrenamiento con pesos, fueron someti-dos a tests reptitivos de 1-RM en los ejercicios supino en bancohorizontal, agachamiento y rosca directa de biceps. Los tests fue-ran ejecutados en cuatro sesiones, intervaladas en cada 48-72 ho-ras. Un numero maximo de tres tentativas, con intervalo de tres acinco minutos para recuperacion, fue utilizado en cada ejercicio,en las cuatro sessiones de testeo. ANOVA se utilizo para medidasrepetidas, seguida por el test post hoc de Tukey, cuando p ≤ 0,05,fue utilizada para el tratamiento de los datos. Aumentos significan-tes en la fuerza muscular (p ≤ 0,01) fueron encontrados los tresejercicios analizados entre la primera y la cuarta sesion de familia-rizacion (2,4% en supino en banco horizontal, 3,4% en agacha-miento y 5,4% en la rosca directa del biceps). Todavia, ningunadiferencia estadisticamente significativamente fuera encontradaentre la segunda y la cuarta sesion de familiarizacion en la roscadirecta de biceps (p > 0,05), bien con entre la tercera y la cuartasesion en el supino en el banco horizontal y en el agachamiento ( p> 0,05). Los resultados indican que la falta de familiarizacion previacon tests de 1-RM puede comprometer la evaluacion de la fuerzamuscular. Por lo tanto, se sugiere para la evaluacion mas acuradade la fuerza muscular mediante tests de 1-RM la ejecucion de dosa tres sesiones de familiarizacion en los hombres adultos con ex-periencia en ejercicios con pesos.Although the use of maximum repetition tests (1-RM) is frequent for assessment of the muscular strength, one believes that the results obtained may be affected by the lack of previous familiarization, even in skilled subjects in exercises with weights. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the familiarization process on the muscular strength assessment in 1-RM tests. To do so, 21 men (24.5 ± 3.8 years of age), apparently healthy and with previous experience of at least six months on weight training, were submitted to repetitive tests of 1-RM in bench press, squat, and arm curl exercises. The tests were performed in four sessions with intervals every 48-72 hours. A maximum number of three attempts with 3-5 minutes interval for recovery was used in each exercise in the four testing sessions. The analysis of variance ANOVA for repeated measures followed by the post hoc Tukey test when p 0.05) as well as between the third and fourth sessions in the bench press and squat (p > 0.05). The results indicate that the lack of previous familiarization with 1-RM tests may impair the muscular strength evaluation. Therefore, the performance of two to three familiarization sessions in adult men with previous experience with weightlifting is suggested for a more accurate muscular strength assessment by means of the 1-RM tests.

Influence of Previous Experience on Resistance Training on Reliability of One-Repetition Maximum Test

Ritti-Dias, RM, Avelar, A, Salvador, EP, and Cyrino, ES. Influence of previous experience on resistance training on reliability of one repetition maximum test. J Strength Cond Res 25(5): 1418-1422, 2011-The 1-repetition maximum test (1RM) has been widely used to assess maximal strength. However, to improve accuracy in assessing maximal strength, several sessions of the 1RM test are recommended. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of previous resistance training experience on the reliability of 1RM test. Thirty men were assigned to the following 2 groups according to their previous resistance training experience: no previous resistance training experience (NOEXP) and more than 24 months of resistance training experience (EXP). All subjects performed the 1RM tests in bench press and squat in 4 sessions on distinct days. There was a significant session × group effect in bench press (F = 3.09; p < 0.03) and squat (F = 2.76; p < 0.05) showing that only the NOEXP increased maximal strength between the sessions. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in maximal strength occurred in the NOEXP between session 1 and the other sessions in bench press (session 1 vs. 2 = +3.8%; session 1 vs. 3 = +7.4%; session 1 vs. 4 = +10.1%), and squat (session 1 vs. 2 = +7.6%; session 1 vs. 3 = +10.1%; session 1 vs. 4 = +11.2%). Moreover, in bench press, maximal strength in sessions 3 and 4 were significantly higher than in session 2. The results of the present study suggest that the reliability of the 1RM test is influenced by the subjects previous experience in resistance training. Subjects without experience in resistance training require more practice and familiarization and show greater increases in maximal strength between sessions than subjects with previous experience in resistance training.

Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control

To investigate whether the manipulation of brain excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates the heart rate variability (HRV), the effect of tDCS applied at rest on the left temporal lobe in athletes (AG) and non-athletes (NAG) was evaluated. The HRV parameters (natural logarithms of LF, HF, and LF/HF) was assessed in 20 healthy men before, and immediately after tDCS and sham stimulation. After anodal tDCS in AG the parasympathetic activity (HF(log)) increased (P<0.01) and the sympathetic activity (LF(log)) and sympatho-vagal balance (LF/HF(log)) decreased (P<0.01), whereas no significant effects were detected in NAG (P>0.05). No significant changes in HRV indexes were provoked by sham stimulation in both AG and NAG (P>0.05). In conclusion, tDCS applied on the left temporal lobe significantly increased the overall HRV in AG, enhancing the parasympathetic and decreasing the sympathetic modulation of heart rate. Consequently the sympatho-vagal balance decreased at rest in AG but not in NAG. Releasing a weak electric current to stimulate selected brain areas may induce favorable effects on the autonomic control to the heart in highly fit subjects.

Impacto de oito semanas de treinamento com pesos sobre a força muscular de homens e mulheres

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o impacto de oito semanas de treinamento com pesos (TP) sobre a forca muscular. Para tanto, 23 homens (20,7 ± 1,7 anos) e 15 mulheres (20,9 ± 2,1 anos), aparentemente saudaveis e moderadamente ativos (atividade fisica regular < 2 vezes por semana), foram submetidos a um programa de TP composto por 10 exercicios para os diferentes grupos musculares durante oito semanas consecutivas. Tres series de 8-12 RM foram executadas em cada exercicio, em tres sessoes semanais intervaladas a cada 48 horas. A forca muscular foi determinada pre e pos-treinamento por meio de testes de 1-RM nos exercicios supino em banco horizontal, agachamento e rosca direta de biceps, apos cinco sessoes de familiarizacao. Aumentos na forca muscular foram identificados, em ambos os sexos, nos tres exercicios investigados, bem como no somatorio da carga total levantada (P < 0,01). Apesar de os homens apresentarem forca absoluta maior do que as mulheres em todos os exercicios analisados, os ganhos observados ao longo do tempo foram maiores no sexo feminino (14,7 vs. 7,6% no agachamento; 17,2 vs. 11,0% no supino em banco horizontal; 20,4 vs. 14,0% na rosca direta de biceps). Os resultados sugerem que o periodo de oito semanas de TP parece ser suficiente para promover modificacoes significantes na forca muscular de homens e mulheres, em diferentes segmentos corporais (membros inferiores, tronco e membros superiores).The objective of the present study was to verify the impact of an eight-week weight training program (WT) on the muscular strength. To do so, 23 men (20.7 ± 1.7 years) and 15 women (20.9 ± 2.1 years), apparently healthy and moderately active (regular physical activity < 2 times a week) were submitted to a WT program composed of 10 exercises for the different muscular groups during eight consecutive weeks. Three series of 8-12 RM were performed in each exercise in three weekly sessions with intervals each 48 hours. The pre and post-training muscular strength was determined by means of 1-RM tests in bench press, squat and arm curl exercises after five familiarization sessions. Increases on the muscular strength were verified in both genders in all exercises investigated as well as in the total amount of load lifted (P < 0.01). Although men presented higher absolute strength when compared to women in all exercises evaluated, the gains observed along time were higher for women (14.7 vs. 7.6% in squat; 17.2 vs. 11.0% bench press; 20.4 vs. 14.0% in arm curl). The results suggest that the eight-week WT period seems to be sufficient to promote significant modifications in the muscular strength of men and women in different body segments (lower limbs, trunk and upper limbs).

Diagnóstico da aptidão física em escolares de alto nível socioeconômico: avaliação referenciada por critérios de saúde

A pratica regular de atividades fisicas sistematizadas na infância e na adolescencia pode favorecer sobremaneira o desenvolvimento ou a manutencao de niveis adequados de aptidao fisica, reduzindo o risco de incidencia de inumeras disfuncoes cronico-degenerativas em idades precoces. Assim, o proposito deste estudo foi analisar a adiposidade corporal e o desempenho motor em criancas de alto nivel socioeconomico, de acordo com uma avaliacao referenciada por criterios de saude. Para tanto, 511 escolares (274 meninos e 237 meninas) de sete a 10 anos, foram submetidos a medidas antropometricas de massa corporal, estatura e espessuras de dobras cutâneas (tricipital e subescapular) e aos seguintes testes motores: sentar e alcancar (SA), abdominal modificado (ABD) e corrida/caminhada de nove minutos (9MIN). As informacoes foram analisadas de acordo com os pontos de corte sugeridos pelo Physical Best (1988). Com relacao a adiposidade corporal, verificou-se maior contingente de escolares acima (33% dos meninos e 15% das meninas, P 0,05) alcancaram os pontos de corte adotados. Quando analisados conjuntamente, constatou-se que somente 15% dos meninos e 21% das meninas (P > 0,05) apresentaram resultados satisfatorios nos tres testes motores utilizados. A alta prevalencia de criancas que se situaram acima do criterio de saude para quantidade de gordura corporal, associada a baixa proporcao de sujeitos que atenderam aos criterios estabelecidos no conjunto dos testes motores utilizados, indica que o nivel de aptidao fisica encontrado nos escolares investigados esta bastante aquem do desejavel. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade do desenvolvimento de programas de educacao para a saude que estimulem a participacao mais efetiva de jovens em programas de exercicios fisicos e esportes de diferentes naturezas, sobretudo no segmento escolar, no qual grande parte dos habitos de vida sao estabelecidos.

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de alto nível socioeconômico em Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Metabolismo, Nutricao e Exercicio Centro de Educacao Fisica e Desportos Campus Universitario, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-990, Londrina, PR

Effect of Long-term Fortification of Whey Drink With Ferrous Bisglycinate on Anemia Prevalence in Children and Adolescents From Deprived Areas in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil☆

OBJECTIVE Fortification of food with iron is considered the best sustainable way of preventing iron deficiency when an appropriate diet is not available. The most difficult challenge is to find the ideal combination of iron fortification compound and food vehicle. We investigated the effect of cheese whey drink with 15% of frozen strawberry fortified with ferrous bisglycinate on hemoglobin values in children and adolescents. METHODS The assessed population participates in Public Educational Centers in Londrina, Paraná (southern Brazil), which assist families living in precarious socioeconomic conditions (annual income < 500.00 US dollars per capita). Hemoglobin was measured for 1 y with a Hemocue portable photometer. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin values below 12 g/dL. Thus, hemoglobin was verified in 467 (7 to 14 y) individuals (249 boys and 218 girls). RESULTS Although anemia prevalence did not decrease after 3 mo, there was a statistically significant decrease from 41.9% at the beginning of the study to 26.4% after 6 mo (P < 0.001) and to 9.6% after 1 y (P < 0.001). Statistically significant changes (mean +/- standard deviation) were observed between children and adolescents with hemoglobin values below 11 g/dL (increase of 2.2 +/- 1.03) and above 12 g/dL (increase of 0.35 +/- 1.07; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION There was a marked reduction in the prevalence of anemia in children and adolescents after long-term fortification of whey drink with ferrous bisglycinate.

Familiarization and reliability of one repetition maximum strength testing in older women.

Abstract Amarante do Nascimento, M, Januário, RSB, Gerage, AM, Mayhew, JL, Cheche Pina, FL, and Cyrino, ES. Familiarization and Reliability of one repetition maximum Strength Testing in Older Women. J Strength Cond Res 27(6): 1636–1642, 2013—Strength is a fundamental component of physical fitness, and therefore should be precisely assessed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the number of testing sessions required to achieve consistent 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength measurements in untrained older women. Forty-five untrained older women were measured for 1RM in bench press machine (BP), leg extension (LE) machine, and free weight arm curl (AC). Reliability coefficients for trials 1 and 2 for BP (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.973) and LE (ICC = 0.976) were higher than for AC (ICC = 0.953). Percent change from trial 1 to 2 for BP (3.5 ± 10.9%) and AC (3.8 ± 8.1%) was less than for LE (5.4 ± 6.2%), but all were significant increases between trials (p < 0.05). Trial differences were reduced to nonsignificant levels (p > 0.05) in the third trial for BP (0.0 ± 0.0%), LE (1.2 ± 3.0%) and AC (2.7 ± 5.9%). Reliability coefficients rose for BP and LE (ICC = 0.999) and AC (ICC = 0.963) when a third trial was performed. Bland and Altman plotting showed very small bias and limits of agreement (LoA) for both the exercises (BP: bias = 0 kg, limits of agreement = 0 kg; LE: bias = −0.16 kg, LoA = 2.21 kg; AC: bias = −0.11 kg, LoA = 1.72 kg). This approach to determine 1RM strength values produced rapid lifting technique familiarization resulting in a need of 2 to 3 test sessions to achieve consistent 1RM measurements in untrained older women.

Body composition in taller individuals using DXA: A validation study for athletic and non-athletic populations

Abstract Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) cannot be used to evaluate participants taller than the scan area. We aimed to analyse the accuracy of bone mineral content, fat mass, and lean mass assessed with DXA whole-body scan and from the sum of two scans (head and trunk plus limbs). Participants were 31 athletes (13 males and 18 females) and 65 non-athletes (34 males and 31 females), that fit within the DXA scan area. Three scans were performed using a Hologic Explorer-W fan-beam densitometer: a whole-body scan used as the reference; a head scan; and a trunk and limbs scan. The sum of the head scan and the trunk and limbs scan was used as the alternative procedure. Multiple regression and agreement analysis were performed. Non-significant differences between methods were observed for fat mass (0.06 kg) and lean mass (−0.07 kg) while bone mineral content from the alternative procedure differed from the reference scan (0.009 kg). The alternative procedure explained > 99% of the variance in the reference scan and low limits of agreement were observed. Precision analysis indicated low pure errors and the higher coefficients of variation were found for fat mass (whole-body: 3.70%; subtotal: 4.05%). The method proposed is a valid and simple solution to be used in individuals taller than the DXA scan area, including athletes engaged in sports recognised for including very tall competitors.

Familiarization indexes in sessions of 1-RM tests in adult women.

Soares-Caldeira, LF, Ritti-Dias, RM, Okuno, NM, Cyrino, ES, Gurjão, ALD, and Ploutz-Snyder, LL. Familiarization indexes in sessions of 1-RM tests in adult women. J Strength Cond Res 23(7): 2039-2045, 2009-The objective of this study was to evaluate the familiarization to the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) test in adult women with previous experience in resistance training and to compare the statistical methods to analyze familiarization. Twenty-seven women, with previous experience in resistance training but detrained for 6 months, participated in the study (21.6 ± 2.5 years; 59.1 ± 6.7 kg; 1.65 ± 0.04 m; 21.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2). The 1-RM test was used to verify the strength levels in 3 exercises: bench press, squat, and arm curl. Five 1-RM tests sessions were performed in distinct days. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman plotting procedures were used to compare the 1-RM load between the familiarization sessions. The significance assumed was p < 0.05. All exercises presented good ICC between 1-RM familiarization sessions (0.97-0.98). However, there were significant increases in 1-RM load among the 5 sessions of 1-RM tests in the bench press (+5.7%), squat (+5.4%), and arm curl (+11.1%). In addition, there were different responses according to the statistical analyses used (ANOVA, higher 1-RM strength, and Bland-Altman plotting). The results of the present study suggest that familiarization sessions are important for an accurate assessment of 1-RM load even in subjects with previous experience in resistance training.