Eduardo A. Coronado

Using highly accurate 3D nanometrology to model the optical properties of highly irregular nanoparticles: a powerful tool for rational design of plasmonic devices.

The realization of materials at the nanometer scale creates new challenges for quantitative characterization and modeling as many physical and chemical properties at the nanoscale are highly size and shape-dependent. In particular, the accurate nanometrological characterization of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for understanding their optical response that is determined by the collective excitation of conduction electrons, known as localized surface plasmons. Its manipulation gives place to a variety of applications in ultrasensitive spectroscopies, photonics, improved photovoltaics, imaging, and cancer therapy. Here we show that by combining electron tomography with electrodynamic simulations an accurate optical model of a highly irregular gold NP synthesized by chemical methods could be achieved. This constitutes a novel and rigorous tool for understanding the plasmonic properties of real three-dimensional nano-objects.

Silver oxide particles/silver nanoparticles interconversion: susceptibility of forward/backward reactions to the chemical environment at room temperature{

The thermal stability of the silver oxide particles (Ag2O)/metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) system in aqueous and gaseous environments is investigated with UV-Visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM and DLS as characterisation techniques, and with calculations using electromagnetic theory. Thermal decomposition of aqueous Ag2O colloids to produce AgNPs is conclusively demonstrated and used as a base reaction to produce clean AgNPs without any external reducing agent. Such a spontaneous character of Ag2O decomposition in alkaline aqueous/water-enriched environments at room temperature makes the formation of silver oxide films on silver nanoparticles/nanostructures unlikely, keeping the silver surface oxide-free, a crucial feature in determining the silver catalytic and Raman enhancing properties. The synthetic suitability of this reaction to develop new routes to produce AgNPs is explored by analyzing the effect of temperature, complexing agents, and environment polarity on the AgNPs size/shape control. Thermal decomposition of Ag2O colloids in aqueous/water-enriched environments offers the possibility to produce AgNPs at low cost, with easy, clean, safe and green chemistry procedures.

Rational Design of Plasmonic Nanostructures for Biomolecular Detection: Interplay between Theory and Experiments

In this work, we report a simple strategy to obtain ultrasensitive SERS nanostructures by self-assembly and bioconjugation of Au nanospheres (NSs). Homodimer aggregates with an interparticle gap of around 8 nm are generated in aqueous dispersions by the highly specific molecular recognition of biotinylated Au NSs to streptavidin (STV), while random Au NS aggregates with a gap of 5 nm are formed in the absence of STV due to hydrogen bonding among biotinylated NSs. Both types of aggregates depict SERS analytical enhancement factors (AEF) of around 10(7) and the capability to detect biotin concentrations lower than 1 × 10(-12) M. Quite interesting, the AEF for an external analyte, Rhodamine 6G (RH6G), using the dimer aggregates is 1 order of magnitude greater (10(5)) than using random aggregates (around 10(4)). The dependence on the wavelength and the differences of the AEF for Au random aggregates and dimers are rationalized with rigorous electrodynamic simulations. The dimers obtained afford a new type of an in situ self-calibrated and reliable SERS substrate where biotinylated molecules can selectively be trapped by STV and located in the nanogap enhanced plasmonic field. Using this concept, powerful molecular-recognition-based SERS assays can be carried out. The capability of the dimeric structures for analytical applications is demonstrated using SPR spectroscopy to detect biotinylated immunoglobulin G at very low concentrations.

Near-Field Enhancement of Multipole Plasmon Resonances in Ag and Au Nanowires†

In this paper, we investigate theoretically the electromagnetic field enhancement arising from excitation of silver and gold nanowires (NWs) of finite length, capable of sustaining surface plasmon resonances of different multipole order, using the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA). The influence of NW length on the degree of enhancement and confinement of the electromagnetic field for each surface plasmon mode is analyzed by a 3D mapping of the near field for different planes around the NW as well by calculating its variation with distance along two different directions, one parallel to and the other perpendicular to the NW axis, outside of the NW. It was found that the enhancement is still significant at relative large distances from the NW end, its decay being of much longer range than that predicted by a simple dipole approximation, especially at near-infrared wavelengths.

Quantum dynamical simulations of local field enhancement in metal nanoparticles

Field enhancements (Γ) around small Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are calculated using a quantum dynamical simulation formalism and the results are compared with electrodynamic simulations using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) in order to address the important issue of the intrinsic atomistic structure of NPs. Quite remarkably, in both quantum and classical approaches the highest values of Γ are located in the same regions around single NPs. However, by introducing a complete atomistic description of the metallic NPs in optical simulations, a different pattern of the Γ distribution is obtained. Knowing the correct pattern of the Γ distribution around NPs is crucial for understanding the spectroscopic features of molecules inside hot spots. The enhancement produced by surface plasmon coupling is studied by using both approaches in NP dimers for different inter-particle distances. The results show that the trend of the variation of Γ versus inter-particle distance is different for classical and quantum simulations. This difference is explained in terms of a charge transfer mechanism that cannot be obtained with classical electrodynamics. Finally, time dependent distribution of the enhancement factor is simulated by introducing a time dependent field perturbation into the Hamiltonian, allowing an assessment of the localized surface plasmon resonance quantum dynamics.

Quantitative Understanding of the Optical Properties of a Single, Complex-Shaped Gold Nanoparticle from Experiment and Theory

We report on a combined study of Rayleigh and Raman scattering spectroscopy, 3D electron tomography, and discrete dipole approximation (DDA) calculations of a single, complex-shaped gold nanoparticle (NP). Using the exact reconstructed 3D morphology of the NP as input for the DDA calculations, the experimental results can be reproduced with unprecedented precision and detail. We find that not only the exact NP morphology but also the surroundings including the points of contact with the substrate are of crucial importance for a correct prediction of the NP optical properties. The achieved accuracy of the calculations allows determining how many of the adsorbed molecules have a major contribution to the Raman signal, a fact that has important implications for analyzing experiments and designing sensing applications.

Preparation of controlled gold nanoparticle aggregates using a dendronization strategy

In this work, a dendronization strategy was used to control interparticle spacing and the optical properties of gold nanoparticle (NP) aggregates in aqueous media. To achieve this goal, two dendritic disulfides bearing different functionalities on their periphery were synthesized and used as ligands to dendronize gold NPs. The dendronized NPs then undergo aggregation; this process was followed by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) measurements and correlated with Generalized Mie Theory electrodynamics calculations. For comparison, NP functionalization was also studied using a nondendritic ligand. It was found that the use of dendritic disulfides allows for the preparation of controlled NP aggregates. This study demonstrates how different dendronization parameters, such as disulfide concentration, temperature, time and nature of the ligand (dendritic vs nondendritic), determine the control exerted over the size and stability of the NP aggregates.

Synthesis of Ag@ZnO core–shell hybrid nanostructures: an optical approach to reveal the growth mechanism

In this study, Ag@ZnO core–shell hybrid nanostructures (HNs) have been prepared by means of a very simple chemical methodology. In addition, their morphology and extinction properties have been characterized. It was found that the HNs consist in almost spherical Ag nanoparticle cores (mean diameter 56xa0nm) surrounded by a thin shell formed by small ZnO nanoparticles (mean size 6xa0nm). The changes in the extinction spectra during the formation of the hybrid nanostructures have been rationalized using electrodynamics simulations applying Mie theory for coated spheres along with the effective medium theory to describe the dielectric constant of the shell. By assuming a formation and growth mechanism of the shell, it was found that these simulations describe not only qualitatively but also quantitatively the changes in the extinction spectra.

Evolution of the moments and transition probability models in energy transfer processes

The evolution of the first and second moments during collisional relaxation of an ensemble of highly vibrationally excited molecules is analysed theoretically and with numerical resolution of the master equation. Single exponential relaxation of the average excitation energy, characterised by a linear dependence on energy of the amount of energy transferred, allows one to obtain the microscopic energy transferred per collision. Also, there is always a set of independent energy transfer functions, P(E′, E), which yields the same first moment. In contrast, the evolution of the spread of the energy level populations is quite different, allowing for the characterization of P(E′, E) models. For a quadratic energy dependence of «ΔEaon E, the energy loss profiles are sensitive to the energy distribution and the microscopic first moment can be obtained only under certain conditions.

Dependence of the collisional relaxation of highly vibrationally excited polyatomic molecules on the population distribution function

Abstract The influence of the population distribution function on the collisional relaxation of highly vibrationally excited polyatomic molecules is analyzed in a non-reactive system. Unimodal and bimodal energy distributions are considered. Calculations made with unimodal energy distributions showed that the energy decay is almost independent of its initial shape and also of the collisional transition probability models, provided they have the same dependence on energy. When the initial distribution is bimodal, the rate of energy decay, for constant average energy transferred, depends on the fraction of molecules excited, but if the decay is exponential, the energy loss profile is almost independent of the fraction q of molecules excited. These results are discussed in relation to the use of IR multiphoton absorption as an experimental technique for the study of energy transfer processes.