Juan C. Ferrero

The statistical distribution of money and the rate of money transference

The distribution of money is analysed in connection with the Boltzmann distribution of energy in the degenerate states of molecules. Plots of the population density of income distribution for various countries are well reproduced by a Gamma function, confirming the validity of the statistical distribution at equilibrium. The equilibrium state is reached through pair wise money transference processes, independently of the shape of the initial distribution and also of the detailed nature of the money transactions between the economic agents.

Effect of the intermolecular hydrogen bond conformation on the structure and reactivity of the p-cresol(H2O)(NH3) van der Waals complex

The structure and reactivity of p-CrOH(NH(3))(2) and p-CrOH(H(2)O)(NH(3)) complexes were studied using mass-resolved one-colour resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy together with DFT calculations. At the excitation energy of this work, the S(1) state of p-CrOH(NH(3))(2) shows a sub-nanosecond lifetime, as determined by time-resolved LIF spectra, as a consequence of a hydrogen transfer process that results in NH(4)(NH(3)) as a reaction product. Substitution of NH(3) by H(2)O closes the reaction channel as evidenced by the absence of excited-state hydrogen transfer (ESHT) reaction products, (H(3)O(NH(3)) or NH(4)(H(2)O)) and results in a dramatic effect on the S(1) lifetime of the p-CrOH(H(2)O)(NH(3)) complex which rises to (12 +/- 2) ns. According to density functional theory calculations, the most stable isomer of the p-CrOH(H(2)O)(NH(3)) complex is a cyclic structure, in which H(2)O acts as the H acceptor of the phenolic OH group (c-OH-H(2)O-NH(3)). However, the ESHT process is energetically disallowed upon electronic excitation.

Internal state populations and velocity distributions of monatomic species ejected after the 1064 nm laser irradiation of barium

The plumes accompanying 1064 nm nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of barium in vacuum at three moderate incident laser fluences in the range of 5.3–10.8 J/cm2 have been studied using both wavelength and time resolved optical emission spectroscopy and time-of-flight laser-induced fluorescence. Neutral atoms and both singly and doubly charged monatomic cations in excited states up to near the corresponding ionization limits are identified in the optical emission spectra. The population distributions of low-lying (≤1.41 eV) “dark” states of Ba atoms measured by laser-induced fluorescence revel that the metastable D3J and D12 abundances in the plume are higher than predictions based on assuming a Boltzmann distribution. The D3J and D12 populations are seen, respectively, to decrease slightly and nearly no vary with raising fluence, which contrasts with the increasing trend that is observed in the ground-state Ba(S10) population. At all fluences, the time-of-flight distributions of the whole dark states and of ...

The Monomodal, Polymodal, Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Distribution of Money

The distribution of money for several countries is analyzed according to the Bolztmann-Gibbs distribution with explicit consideration of the degeneracy of states. At high values of money the experimental data are systematically larger than the values corresponding to the BG statistics. The use of Tsallis non extensive statistics results in a good fit in the whole range of income values, converging to Paretos law in the high money limit and indicating the fractal nature of the distribution. In some cases, the distribution has two or more components, which, according to model calculations, arise from the different degeneracy of each ensemble. Criteria to determine whether this situation corresponds to equilibrium are analysed.

Velocity distributions of Ba (S01, DJ3, D21, P13, and P11) and Ba+(P3∕22) produced by 1064nm pulsed laser ablation of barium in vacuum

Various electronic states of Ba, from ground state up to 2.24eV (S01, DJ3, D21, P13, and P11) together with Ba+(P3∕22), were produced by 1064nm high-irradiance pulsed nanosecond laser ablation of Ba in vacuum. The velocity distribution for every species was obtained from time-of-flight measurements, using pulsed laser induced fluorescence or time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy, as applicable to each species. The distributions are bimodal, Maxwell-Boltzmann functions for S01, DJ3, and D21 and shifted Maxwell-Boltzmann for the rest of the states, with different peak velocities and average, hyperthermal translational temperatures. Possible mechanisms for the production of these velocity distributions are discussed.

Optical emission and energy disposal characterization of the laser ablation process of CaF2, BaF2, and NaCl at 1064 nm

A method to simultaneously measure the fraction of incident energy spent as absorbed, scattered, and consumed energy by the plasma generated in the ablation process is presented. The results obtained allowed to make an energy balance in the ablation process of halogenated earth alkaline metal crystals (NaCl, BaF2, and CaF2) and to relate the nature of the crystal structure to the absorbed energy. The latter could be determined by monitoring the magnitude of the breakdown induced by the discharge between the plates of a capacitor. Simultaneously, time resolved optical emission spectroscopy was used to analyze the ion emission intensity and as a function of the energy absorbed by the sample. This plot shows the usual sigmoid behavior for the ablation process with the three typical regions, corresponding to the vaporization, screening, and ablation regimes. A heuristic equation has been used to analyze this process in terms of the nature of the crystal structure. From this equation the critical absorbed ener...

Control of product channels by addition of vibrational or electronic energy to the reactions of Xe(6s) atoms with CF3Cl, CF2Cl2 and CF2HCl molecules

Abstract An order of magnitude enhancement of the XeCl(B,C) formation rate constants was observed for the 300 K reactions of Xe(6p[ 1 2 ]0 and [ 3 2 ]2) atoms with CF3Cl, CF2Cl2 and CF2HCl, relative to the reactions of Xe(6s,3P2) atoms. Similar large XeCl(B,C) formation enhancement factors were found for reactions of the vibrationally excited molecules ( ≈2 eV), produced by CO2-laser irradiation, with Xe(6s,3P2) atoms. These results correlate with the energy dependence of the dissociative electron attachment cross sections of these molecules.

An statistical analysis of stratification and inequity in the income distribution

Abstract. The analysis of the USA 2001 income distribution shows that it can be described by at least two main components, which obey the generalized Tsallis statistics with different values of the q parameter. Theoretical calculations using the gas kinetics model with a distributed saving propensity factor and two ensembles reproduce the empirical data and provide further information on the structure of the distribution, which shows a clear stratification. This stratification is amenable to different interpretations, which are analyzed. The distribution function is invariant with the average individual income, which implies that the inequity of the distribution cannot be modified by increasing the total income.

Optical emission and mass spectrometric characterization of laser ablation process of Ca, Mg, and Ba at 1064 nm

A systematic experimental study of the laser ablation of three alkaline-earth metals (Ca, Mg, and Ba) was carried out to understand the ablation processes of the metals. In this work the infrared laser ablation of alkaline-earth metals was studied by mass spectrometry together with the optical emission spectroscopy of the species generated in the ablation process. The analysis and modeling of the results were done using a heuristic equation that includes the Arrhenius, the screening, and the lineal regions that describe the three different regimes usually observed as a function of the laser fluence. We intend to prove that this equation depends on a fit surface parameter that includes the roughness surface, and it allows us to determine a critical fluence that can be related to the physical properties of the metal target.

Production of silicon containing particles by laser induced reaction of silane with methane, ethane and acetylene

Abstract Silicon containing ultrafine particles (Si and SiC) have been obtained by pulsed IR laser irradiation of gaseous SiH 4 /hydrocarbon (CH 4 , C 2 H 6 and C 2 H 2 ) mixtures. The chemical composition and structure of the powders formed were determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and I.R. and UV-v spectroscopy. The particles are small, uniform, loosely agglomerated spheres with a mean size of approximately 19 nm. To complete the characterisation of these ultrafine silicon-containing particles, the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) were obtained using synchrotron radiation at the silicon absorption K-edge. We show that the use of pulsed laser radiation results in the generation of amorphous Si and crystalline SiC particles depending on the gas mixtue used, among other parameters such as composition of the mixture, laser fluence, pressure and number of laser pulses.