Eduardo R. Chavez

Phytase and acetic acid supplementation in the diet of early weaned piglets: effect on performance and apparent nutrient digestibility

Abstract A study with Landrace x Yorkshire piglets weaned at 21 days of age was conducted for four weeks to assess the growth promoting effects on nutrient utilization of either phytase, acetic acid or a mix of the two in the starter diet. The treatments (trt) were corn-soybean meal based as follows: 1.control diet, 0.35% of available P; 2. low P, 0.15% P i; 3. as 2 plus 1000 phytase units/kg diet; 4. as 3 plus 1% acetic acid; and 5. as 1 plus 1% acetic acid. Supplementing phytase to the low P diet, significantly improved the ADG. There was no difference in growth rate between normal P level and low P plus phytase. A significant additional effect was obtained when acetic acid was incorporated in diet 3. Apparent digestibility of P and calcium (Ca) were significantly increased by both phytase and acetic acid, and by phytase-acetate supplementation. These results showed an additional effect of acetic acid combined with phytase in promoting better mineral digestibility.

Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density of celiac children

Abstract We were interested in detecting the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in prepuberal and puberal celiac children after 24 months of supplementation with 1000 mg of calcium and 400 U of vitamin D daily. 19 celiac children (16 females, and 3 males, age 6 to 15 years) with good compliance to the gluten free diet for at least two years, paired with 19 healthly children of the same age and sex were studied. Celiac patients had mean calcium intakes of 739 mg per day, that increased to 1444 mg per day after nutritional supplementation, with 84 and 74% of compliance during the first and second years of supplementation. Celiac patients did not show significant changes in stature and nutritional status during supplementation. The whole group of celiac subjects showed a significant increase in z score of WB-BMD and FN-BMD from the start and until 24 months of supplementation, compared to the controls (WB-BMD: −0.24±0.40 and −0.80±0.59 vs 0.49±0.62 and 0.62±0.83. FN-BMD:−0.41±0.96 and 0.04±1.12 vs 0.58±1.29 and 0.36±1.15 respectively) Total group and pubertal celiac patients showed a significantly greater variation (delta z score) of hip BMD (FN-BMD 0.53 ± 0.85 p

Lignin as a purified dietary fiber supplement for piglets

A study with 32 Landrace x Yorkshire piglets weaned at 21 days of age was conducted to assess the effect of lignin on growth performance and blood metabolites mostly those related to lipid metabolism. Four dietary treatments were as follows: 1. Standard corn-soybean meal diet (control), 2. Control supplemented with 1.25% lignin, 3. High-cholesterol diet which included dried whole egg powder, dried skim milk and other ingredients to mimic a human high-cholesterol diet, 4. As diet 3 supplemented with 1.25% lignin. The diets were offered for 4 weeks. Pigs receiving the control diet were significantly (p=0.0054) heavier and had better (p=0.0038) feed conversion than those fed the high-cholesterol diet. Lignin supplementation affected neither the live body weight of the piglets nor the feed efficiency. There was no significant difference in feed intake among the treatments. The plasma triglyceride levels were significantly (p=0.0407) reduced by lignin supplementation in the control and high cholesterol diets. Plasma cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher in piglets fed the high cholesterol diet as compared to those fed the control diet. Neither type of diet, nor lignin supplementation had a significant effect on plasma glucose or blood urea nitrogen levels. The results of the present study indicate that lignin supplementation has a hypolipemic but not hypocholesterolemic property when fed to the piglets.

Effect of dietary selenium and tumor status on the retention of75Se by tissues and mammary tumors of DMBA-treated rats

The effects of the presence of mammary tumors on75Se retention was examined in DMBA-treated rats. Tumor bearing rats fed varying amounts of Se exhibited an inverse linear dose response between dietary Se intake and tissue retention of75Se in whole body, heart, lungs, ovaries, adrenals, spleen, and muscle. Tumor75Se retention, however, was independent of the dietary intake of Se. Tumor bearing rats excreted more75Se label in the urine compared to both control rats fed the same amount of Se and DMBA-treated animals that remained tumor free. In the short term, no significant differences were seen in tissue retention of75Se. By 7 d, the increased urinary excretion of the label resulted in significantly decreased retention of75Se in blood, spleen, liver, lungs, and kidneys of tumor-bearing rats compared to tumor-free animals. The presence of tumors, however, did not affect the liver distribution of the label among cytosolic proteins. These results suggest that tumor bearing animals have an accelerated urinary excretion of Se compared to animals without tumors and that tumors either have a very slow turnover of Se or a low priority for the element.

Sulfur amino acid requirements of the growing rat fed eight percent dietary protein

Abstract Methionine and methionine plus cystine requirements of the growing rat fed equivalent to 8% dietary protein were determined. Diets formulated to be adequate in all nutrients except sulfur amino acids (SAA) and providing 4% protein from ANRC casein and equivalent to 4% casein protein from amino acids (excluding methionine and cystine) were supplemented with graded levels of L-methionine. The diet providing 0.34% total SAA (0.32% L-methionine + 0.02% L-cystine) gave the best feed/gain ratio, relative net protein ratio (RNPR), liver protein utilization (LPU) and plasma amino acid acid parameters. When similar ANRC casein + crystalline amino acid diets providing 0.44% total SAA but varying in ratio (by weight) by methionine/cystine were fed to rats, optimal feed/gain ratio, RNPR and plasma amino acid parameters were obtained when cystine replaced 33 to 60% of dietary L-methionine. Inclusion of L-cystine at the expense of L-methionine in these 8% protein diets improved overall rat performance and utilization of dietary methionine. Supplementation of the casein + amino acid basal diet with methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfone (oxidized forms of methionine) or cysteic acid (oxidized form of cysteine/cystine) to provide 0.34% total SAA, indicated that relative to methionine (100), methionine sulfoxide was completely available and methionine sulfone (68) and cysteic acid (55) were less available. Correction for methionine and cystine digestibilities in ANRC casein suggests that the SAA requirements for the growing rat are 0.33% of diet or 4.1% of dietary protein when 8% protein diets are fed.

Nutritional significance of supplemented taurine in the milk replacer of early weaned piglets

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine levels of taurine in the piglet and to determine the suitability of the piglet as an animal model with respect to taurine metabolism. Two Landrace piglet litters were weaned at 11 days of age, and placed on a casein based milk replacer, with or without 0.4% taurine supplementation, for a three week experimental period. No differences in growth rate or feed consumption were noted between treatment groups. Weekly blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus and plasma was analyzed for glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and free amino acids. Plasma from newborn piglets was analyzed for free amino acids, and used as a baseline value. No differences between treatment were noticed for plasma glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. A significant decrease (p

Dietary Se and tumor glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities

The purpose of this study was to examine tumor activity of the radical scavenging enzymes selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHPx), cupro,zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and manganese dependent SOD (MnSOD) from rats fed varying amounts of selenium and to compare the effects due to diet with those due to the development of the tumor. Enzyme activities were measured in mammary tumors from DMBA-treated rats fed 0.035, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mg Se/kg diet for 25 weeks (n = 58,33,24, and 14 tumors from 8, 8, 7, and 8 tumor-bearing rats, respectively). Increasing dietary Se had no effect on tumor SeGSHPx, non-SeGSHPx, and MnSOD activities. In contrast, tumor CuZnSOD and total SOD activities decreased with increasing dietary Se. Tumor size had a significant effect on MnSOD, SeGSHPx, non-SeGSHPx, and total GSHPx activities with increasing activity observed with increasing tumor weight. Malignant tumors were unique in two ways with respect to the activity of antioxidative protective enzymes. Tumor SeGSHPx activity was unresponsive to dietary Se while CuZnSOD and total SOD activities were significantly reduced with increasing dietary Se compared to erythrocytes, liver, and spleen from the same animals. Thus, the overall effect of high dietary Se was to decrease the ratio of total SOD to total GSHPx activity (P < 0.003). Tumor size had no effect on the ratio. This ratio of total SOD/GSHPx activity was several-fold higher in tumors than in other tissues from the same animals.

Prospective study on selenium and antioxidant status during dmba-induced mammary carcinogenesis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine selenium (Se) and antioxidant status of rats during the development of DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis and to determine whether there are differences between DMBA-treated rats that remained free of tumors (NT group, n=23), animals that developed tumors (WT group, n=7) and vehicle-treated control rats (n=20). All animals were fed the recommended amount of Se (0.1 mg/kg) in a high fat (20%) diet. The activities of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHPx) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in plasma and erythrocytes every 2 wks for the 21 wk duration of the experiment. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring urinary malondialdehyde. SeGSHPx activity was lower in WT rats, before the appearance of tumors, compared to both NT and control rats. In contrast, SOD activity was reduced in DMBA-treated rats compared to control animals, but there were no differences between NT and WT rats. These changes in enzyme activity and the presence or absence of tumors did not affect lipid peroxidation.

Niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D e ingesta de calcio en niños celiacos: factores de riesgo para su salud futura

Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles plasmaticos de vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio en pacientes celiacos. Material y Metodo: 25 pacientes celiacos (20 mujeres y 5 hombres, de 5 a 15 anos de edad) con una buena adhesion al regimen libre de gluten de al menos los dos ultimos anos. La ingesta de calcio se evaluo mediante tres encuestas de recordatorio de 24 horas. La 25 OH vitamina D se determino mediante RIA (INCSTAR). Resultados: Un 80% de los pacientes presento una ingesta de calcio insuficiente de acuerdo al consenso del NIH; en los menores de 10 anos la ingesta promedio fue de 866 ( 423 y en los mayores de 11 anos 605 ( 237 mg/dia. Se encontro deficit de vitamina D (<37.5 nmol/L o 15 ng/mL) en 5 de los casos (20%), de los cuales 4 corresponden a muestras tomadas en invierno y una en verano. En dos casos el deficit fue severo <20 nmoles/L (<8 ng/ml). Conclusion: En pacientes celiacos evaluados la hipovitaminosis D y la ingesta insuficiente de calcio fueron situaciones frecuentes, lo que puede producir el deficit de masa osea detectado en estos pacientes y facilitar el desarrollo futuro de osteoporosis y diabetes. Se recomienda evaluar los niveles de vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio como parte del control de estos pacientes y en caso necesario efectuar una suplementacion con calcio y vitamina D

Portal appearance of duodenal 14C-lysine injections in rats fed heat treated full-fat soybeans

Abstract An in vivo study was conducted to determine if commercial extrusion (Ex) or roasting (Ro) of full-fat soybeans (FFSB) would influence the rate and total amount of lysine absorption in young male Sprague Dawley rats. Portal appearance of duodenal 14 C-lysine injections were measured in rats under general anaesthesia. Rate of 14 C-lysine absorption as well as total 14 C-lysine absorption had a tendency (p 14 C-lysine for absorptive carrier processes through the enterocytes. The rate of absorption of 14 C-lysine from casein fed rats was similar to that of FFSB fed rats (p>0.83). In the later total absorption was lower (p 14 C-lysine disappearance from the intestinal lumen was reached faster (p