Edward D. Rossini

RETROSPECTIVE SELF-REPORTED SYMPTOMS OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: RELIABILITY OF THE WENDER UTAH RATING SCALE

We measured the internal consistency and four-week temporal consistency and temporal stability of the Wender Utah Rating Scale and its 25-item short form. The Wender scale is a rationally constructed retrospective self-report rating scale for symptoms of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Both scales manifested excellent internal consistency. Over one month, both versions manifested significant temporal consistency and good temporal stability in the nonclinical sample of 83 successful young adults most likely to be referred for an evaluation of suspected Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The collegiate group had a considerably higher Wender score than the original normative group, calling into question the adequacy of the limited normative data. However, both forms of the scale are reliable and comprehensive validation research is advocated.

Development of alternate paragraphs for the logical memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised

Abstract The paragraphs that compose the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised were examined and alternate paragraphs that were equivalent in structure, affective tone, and number of scorable units were developed. Objective scoring criteria for this alternate form, the Morris Revision, yielded significant interscorer reliability. Concurrent validity for the Moms Revision paragraphs was established using multiple criteria. The correlation between the summed scores for the original paragraphs and the Morris Revision paragraphs was significant, as were the correlations between individual scores for analogous paragraphs across the two forms. The Morris Revision was determined to be a psychometrically equivalent alternate form of the original Logical Memory subtest. Clinical use of the Morris Revision is recommended to eliminate serial testing artifacts when reevaluating verbal memory in neuropsychological patients.

ACADEMIC TRAINING IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DOCTORAL PROGRAMS

We surveyed 185 clinical psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association to examine whether and how group psychotherapy was taught. While respondents of all Psy.D. programs to the survey offered a course in group psychotherapy, less than one-third of Ph.D. programs offered one. Among programs that offered a course in group psychotherapy, less than half required that students take it. Most instructors had an in-class experiential component, focused either primarily or exclusively on outpatient therapy and used Yaloms interpersonal approach. Discussion focused on the importance of making group psychotherapy a higher priority and the suggestion that courses include a variety of theoretical approaches and important specialty groups such as psychiatric inpatients.

WAIS-R VALIDATION OF THE THURSTONE TEST OF MENTAL ALERTNESS

This preliminary study evaluated the concurrent validity of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness as a brief intelligence test using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised as the criterion of adult intellectual achievement. Analyses indicated that the Total score on Thurstones test was significantly correlated with the standard summary scores as well as with the WAIS—R factor scores. On the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness scores could accurately predict WAIS—R intelligence for this nonclinical sample of 32 undergraduates. The concurrent validity of the test as a brief intelligence test was inferred and the results were consistent with the range of correlations expected among all measures of global intellectual achievement. Reading comprehension was suggested as a principal factor attenuating the correlation between the two tests.

Sentiment Analysis for PTSD Signals

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Temporal Consistency of the Wais—R Memory/Freedom from Distractlbility Factor in a Nonclinical Sample

The temporal consistency of the WAIS—R Memory/Freedom from Distractibility factor and its intrafactorial components were measured over a 4-wk. period in a nonclinical sample of 22 undergraduates. A modest but significant consistency coefficient of .49 was obtained for Memory/Freedom from Distractibility. Neither intrafactorial component manifested significant temporal consistency over four weeks. Significant retest improvements were expected and observed on Memory/Freedom from Distractibility and Advanced Computation. These retest improvements were interpreted in terms of task familiarity rather than specific content recall. The reported temporal consistency coefficients appear to represent the lowest consistency for these neuropsychological constructs. The routine use of Memory/Freedom from Distractibility was questioned pending more comprehensive measurement of reliability.

Roman Catholic Marriage Tribunals: The use of psychological testing in marital annulment proceedings.

The use of psychological testing in the 175 U.S. Roman Catholic Marriage Tribunals was surveyed. The response rate was an adequate 36% (N = 63), comprising a nationally representative sample, although many tribunals responded to the questionnaire with limited information. The majority of tribunals employed clinical psychologists to conduct assessments for marital annulment petitions that invoke Canon 1095 (Psychic Incapacity) and/or when severe psychopathology was suspected in either marriage partner. The preferred assessment technique was an unstructured diagnostic interview, though a small number of psychological tests were also endorsed, the most frequent being the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2. However, the decisions concerning whether to use psychologists, which cases to assign them, and what test(s) to use were idiosyncratic to each tribunal, in contrast to the highly structured procedural nature of these proceeding in canon law. Although this has drawn no attention in the research literature, psychologists appear to play an active, yet circumscribed, role in Roman Catholic Marriage Tribunals. No assessment guidelines or best practice procedures exist for psychologists involved in tribunal assessments. We recommend the development of a standardized screening procedure as well as a consistent national assessment battery using reliable and valid broad-band personality measures. Psychologists should consider such religious venues as new assessment opportunities after developing a knowledge base and cultural awareness for Roman Catholic issues.

Relationship of Sensory Modality to Retention of Episodic Memory.

This study investigated the difference between episodic memory for verbal information presented in an oral format versus equivalent material presented in a written format. The study utilized the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scales-Fourth Edition and the recently validated Morris Revision-IV Paragraphs. In a sample of 97 normal participants, auditory and visual memory performances were found to be significantly correlated (r = .651, p < .001). Post-hoc analysis revealed a slight though not clinically significant preference for retention in the visual modality. The results demonstrate a high-degree correlation for retention of episodic memory for these two sensory modalities in normal participants.

Introduction to PTSD Signals

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a medical condition caused by direct exposure to a severe traumatic experience. PTSD is the most commonly diagnosed neuropsychiatric disorder among deployed and post-deployed military populations. Most people with this diagnosis adapt through mental health treatment or other psychosocial support. However, a significant subset develops chronic PTSD, a highly disabling, and potentially fatal condition. A method within projective assessment psychology infers clinical meaning and develops diagnostic hypotheses from a person’s writings about self or others to detect possible signals of PTSD. A contemporary adaptation uses anonymous social media texts and postings. In order for clinicians-raters to rate these anonymous social media texts for the presence and frequency of suspected signals of PTSD, a lexical ontology was developed. This process involved creating an expert-generated list of words, terms, and symptoms beyond the standard 17 definitional symptoms in the official diagnostic psychiatric manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR). A final list of 65 terms was developed and categorized into five Level 1 categories: Behavioral, Cognitive, Emotional, Functional, and Physical. The utility of this approach is discussed in subsequent chapters.

TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY AND STABILITY OF THREE SCALES FOR MEASURING STRESS IN ADULTS

We investigated the 30-min. temporal consistency and temporal stability of three focal scales for measuring stress: the Cognitive Anxiety Scale-State, the Focusing Inventory Scale-State, and the Somatic Symptom Scale-State. These scales are applicable for individually measured reduction in stress in research on outcome with older adolescents and adults. All possess excellent internal consistency. All manifested significant temporal consistency and good to excellent temporal stability over 30 min. in a nonclinical sample of 60 undergraduates. Small significant differences in means on the Cognitive Anxiety Scale-State and the Somatic Symptom Scale-State were noted. The phenomenological states associated with stress were stable and consistent over 30 min., the optimal time interval used in research on stress.