Edwin A Frame

The Effects of Lubricant Composition on S.I. Engine Wear With Alcohol Fuels

An investigation of the effects of lubricant composition changes on spark ignition engine wear and deposits when using alcohol fuel was jointly sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command. In the work covered by this paper, tests were conducted with methanol fuel in a 2.3-liter engine using a modified ASTM Sequence V-D procedure. The baseline lubricant was a 10W-30 grade product, qualified under MIL-L-46152, for which a large amount of field and laboratory data were available. Eleven variations of the baseline lubricant were supplied and tested. The results indicate that a magnesium-based detergent additive was less effective in controlling methanol-related engine wear than was a calcium-based additive. Ashless dispersant chemistry was also determined to be of importance in controlling wear with methanol fuel. Experiments were conducted to identify the wear mechanism using the 2.3-liter engine, 20-hour steady-state test. This 20-hour test shows promise as a lubricant screening procedure when using methanol fuel.

The Effects of Alcohol Fuels and Fully Formulated Lubricants on Engine Wear

An investigation of the effects of alcohol fuels and lubricant formulations on spark ignition engine wear and deposition was made. Tests were conducted using near methanol, anhydrous ethanol, and alcohol blends as fuel in a 2.3-liter engine using a modified ASTM Sequence V-D test procedure.

Feasibility of Using Full Synthetic Low Viscosity Engine Oil at High Ambient Temperatures in Military Vehicles

Abstract : Advancements in lubricant technology over the last two decades, in particular, the availability of high quality synthetic base oils, has set the stage for the development of a new fuel efficient, multifunctional powertrain lubricant with extended drain capabilities. Given its large fleet size, diversity of equipment, and range of environments in which it must operate, the U.S. Army is perhaps uniquely positioned to benefit from these advancements. This report summarizes the initial work that the U.S. Armys Fuel and Lubricants Technology Team has been doing to establish the technical feasibility of developing a new multifunctional, fuel efficient powertrain lubricant for the Armys fleet of combat and tactical vehicles and equipment referred to as the Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) project. The feasibility of using a low viscosity diesel engine oil in Army engines was determined. At desert like operating conditions, a prototype SCPL provided similar overall performance as an SAE15W.40 oil in 3 Army engines.

Emissions of Toxicologically Relevant Compounds Using Dibutyl Maleate and Tripropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Diesel Fuel Additives to Lower NOx Emissions

A previous paper reported (SAE Paper 2002-01-2884) that it was possible to decrease mode-weighted NOx emissions compared to the OEM calibration with corresponding increases in particulate matter (PM) emissions. These PM emission increases were partially overcome with the use of oxygenated diesel fuel additives. We wanted to know if compounds of toxicological concern were emitted more or less using oxygenated diesel fuel additives that were used in conjunction with a modified engine operating strategy to lower engine-out NOx emissions. Emissions of toxicologically relevant compounds from fuels containing triproplyene glycol monomethyl ether and dibutyl maleate were the same or lower compared to a low sulfur fuel (15 ppm sulfur) even under engine operating conditions designed to lower engine-out NOx emissions. The emissions of toxicologically relevant compounds using a 100% Fisher Tropsch fuel, a recognized clean fuel, were equivalent to or less than emissions from the two oxygenated diesel fuels. These results suggest that these oxygenated diesel fuel additives can be used to lower engine-out NOx emissions without risking any increase in tailpipe emissions of compounds of toxicological concern.

Laboratory Evaluation of Army Multiviscosity Grade Tactical Engine Oils

Several multiviscosity grade oils were subjected to a special 240-hour endurance test procedure in an Army high-output two-cycle diesel engine, and certain of the oils were laboratory tested in the Armys multifuel, four-cycle compression ignition engine and in the Armys air-cooled four-cycle diesel tank engine. Certain of the lubricants were also subjected to standard hydraulic/power transmission tests because acceptable power transmission performance will now be a formal requirement in the D-revision to the engine lubricant specification MIL-L-2104. Parallel to these laboratory evaluations, pilot field tests were conducted in combat/tactical vehicles (engines and power shift transmissions) at three Army bases. The limited field tests indicated that the use of arctic/conventional multiviscosity grade lubricants at ambient temperatures up to 38 deg C (100 deg F) may be possible, and their introduction under MIL-L-2104 should be pursued. Laboratory test results produced a suitable two-cycle diesel engine lubricants qualification test, and showed that SAE 15W-40 grade oils are acceptable for use in Army diesel-powered combat/tactical engine and power transmission fluid systems. Areas for continued lubricant development are outlined.

Emissions of toxicologically relevant compounds using fischer-tropsch diesel fuel and aftertreatment at a low NOx, low power engine condition

Previously we reported (SAE Paper 2005-01-0475) that emissions of toxicologically relevant compounds from an engine operating at low NOx conditions using Fischer-Tropsch fuel (FT100) were lower than those emissions from the engine using an ultra-low sulfur (15 PPM sulfur) diesel fuel (BP15). Those tests were performed at two operating modes: Mode 6 (4.2 bar BMEP, 2300 RPM) and Mode 11 (2.62 bar BMEP, 1500 RPM). We wanted to evaluate the effect on emissions of operating the engine at low power (near idle) in conjunction with the low NOx strategy. Specifically, we report on emissions of total hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, particulates (PM), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, gas phase polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particle phase PAHs from a DaimlerChrysler OM611 CIDI engine using a low NOx engine operating strategy at Mode 22 (1.0 bar BMEP and 1500 RPM). Mode 22 did produce some differences in emissions levels and aftertreatment performance for toxicologically relevant species compared to Modes 6 and 11. Further, uncontrolled step changes in these emissions were observed to occur at the low exhaust temperature of Mode 22. Nevertheless the emissions for Mode 22 with Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel were generally consistent with Modes 6 and 11.