Einar Brendeng

State of the Art in Liquefaction Technologies for Natural Gas

LNG has been in practical use for more than fifty years — especially in the United States and Japan — and is attracting increased interest from the European energy sector. Owing to substantial improvements in large-scale liquefaction technology over the last twenty years, LNG is now gaining acceptance as an alternative energy carrier for a variety of applications. At the same time the production cost has decreased considerably, and so have the expenses for transport and storage. In several events the distribution of condensed natural gas — LNG — is being conceived as an economical alternative to developing new firm pipeline capacity.

On the Relevance of Integrating LNG with the Energy Supply Systems of Transit Countries

Usually security of energy supply means diversified provisions and infrastructure development. Sometimes special precautions are required, as for instance when stretching a gas pipelines through a transit country. In this event security of supply would include pre-emptive actions to ensure stability on a long-term basis. One initiative is to enable the transit country to prosper from the option gas that it receives as compensation for land lease.

In situ calibration of Coriolis flowmeters for high-pressure gas flow calorimetry

Abstract An in situ calibration method for small Coriolis meters used for high-pressure gas flow calorimetry is presented. The method has an accuracy better than 0.02%, at level one standard deviation. Two meters, both with a totalizer function, have been evaluated, and the total long-term accuracy of the best meter is ±0.11% at level one standard deviation.

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

Abstract A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.