Elias Ferreira Porto

Upper Limb Exercises Using Varied Workloads and Their Association With Dynamic Hyperinflation in Patients With COPD

BACKGROUND Increased ventilation during upper limb exercises (ULE) in patients with COPD is associated with dynamic hyperinflation (DH) and a decrease in inspiratory capacity (IC). The best level of ULE load training is still unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the dynamic hyperinflation development during ULE using three constant workloads. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized protocol involving 24 patients with severe COPD (FEV(1) < 50%) performing an endurance symptom-limited arm exercise of up to 20 min in an arm cycloergometer with different workloads (50%, 65%, and 80% of the maximal load). Ventilation, metabolic, and lung function variables (static IC pre-exercise and postexercise) were measured. RESULTS DH was observed during exercises with 65% (-0.23 L) and 80% (-0.29 L) workloads (P < .0001). Total time of exercise with 80% workload (7.6 min) was shorter than with 50% (12.5 min) (P < .0005) and with 65% (10.1 min; not significant). Oxygen consumption percent predicted (VO(2)) (P < .01) was lower with 50% workload than with 80%. Eighty percent workload showed lower work efficiency (VO(2) [mL/kg]/exercise time) than the other two workloads (P < .0001). CONCLUSION Different workloads during upper limb exercises showed a direct influence over dynamic hyperinflation and the endurance exercise duration.

Modulation of operational lung volumes with the use of salbutamol in COPD patients accomplishing upper limbs exercise tests

INTRODUCTION Pulmonary dynamic hyperinflation (DH) is an important factor limiting the physical capacity of patients with COPD. Inhaled bronchodilator should be able to reduce DH. OBJECTIVE To measure DH in COPD patients during upper limbs exercise tests with previous use of bronchodilator or placebo, and to evaluate the respiratory pattern to justify the dynamics of hyperinflation. METHODS Inspiratory capacity (IC) of 16 patients with COPD (age: 63+/- 13 years; FEV(1) of 1.5+/-0.7 L-41+/-11% predicted) was measured before and after an incremental arm exercise test (diagonal technique) with randomly and double-blinded inhaled placebo or salbutamol. RESULTS Rest IC increased from 2.32+/-0.44 L to 2.54+/-0.39 L after inhalation of 400 mcg of salbutamol (p=0.0012). There was a decrease in the IC after a maximal incremental arm exercise test, 222+/-158 ml (p=0.001) with placebo use, but no change was seen after the salbutamol use: 104+/-205 ml (p=0.41); 62% of the patients presented a 10% or more reduction in the IC after the exercise with placebo. There was a correlation between DH and lower FEV(1)/FVC (p=0.0067), FEV(1) predicted (p=0.0091) and IC% predicted (p=0.043) and higher VO(2)ml/Kg/min % predicted (p=0.05). Minute ventilation and respiratory rate were higher during the exercise with placebo (p=0.002) whereas VE/MVV ratio was lower in the exercise after salbutamol (p>0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that the use of bronchodilator increases the IC of patient with COPD and may help not to increase the DH during a maximal exercise with the arms.

Oxygen and Ventilatory Output during Several Activities of Daily Living Performed by COPD Patients Stratified According to Disease Severity

Objectives To measure the oxygen and ventilatory output across all COPD stages performing 18 common ADL and identify the activities that present the highest metabolic and ventilatory output as well as to compare the energy expenditure within each disease severity. Materials and Methods Metabolic (VO2 and VCO2), ventilatory (f and VE), cardiovascular (HR) and dyspnea (Borg score) variables were assessed in one hundred COPD patients during the completion of eighteen ADL grouped into four activities domains: rest, personal care, labor activities and efforts. Results The activities with the highest proportional metabolic and ventilatory output (VO2/VO2max and VE/MVV) were walking with 2.5 Kg in each hand and walking with 5.0 Kg in one hand. Very severe patients presented the highest metabolic, ventilatory output and dyspnea than mild patients (p<0.05). Conclusions COPD patients present an increased proportion of energy expenditure while performing activities of daily living. The activities that developed the highest metabolic and ventilatory output are the ones associated to upper and lower limbs movements combined. Very severe patients present the highest proportional estimated metabolic and ventilatory output and dyspnea. Activities of daily living are mainly limited by COPD’s reduced ventilatory reserve.

Análise comparativa da complacência do sistema respiratório em três diferentes posições no leito (lateral, sentada e dorsal) em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva prolongada

OBJECTIVES: This study is justified by the fact that in clinical practice, changes occur in patients positioning in the bed during hospitalization in intensive care unity, its necessary better understanding about possible adverse effects that such changes might cause mainly on the respiratory system condition. The objective this study was to evaluate if the patients positioning in bed can to alter the pulmonary complacency. METHODS: All included patients were submitted to mechanical ventilation and were sedated and curarized respiratory system compliance was assessed in three different positioning: lateral, dorsal and sitting. After an alveolar recruitment maneuver, patients were placed to a position throughout two hours, and in the last five minutes the data was collected from the mechanical ventilator display. RESULTS: twenty eight patients were prospectively assessed. Values of respiratory system compliance in the lateral position were 37,07 ± 12,9 in the dorsal were 39,2 ± 10,5 and in the sitting 43,4 ± 9,6 mL/cmH2O. There were a statistical difference when we compared to the sitting and dorsal with lateral positioning for respiratory system compliance (p = 0.0052) and tidal volume (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between mean values of positive end expiratory pressure a respiratory system compliance (r = 0.59, p = 0.002). The FIO2 administered was 0.6 for the lateral positioning and 0.5 for the dorsal and sitting positioning (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: That body positioning in patients restrained to a bed and submitted to invasive mechanical ventilation leads to pulmonary compliance, tidal volume and SpO2 oscillations. In the sitting position the pulmonary compliance is higher than in others positions.

Asincronía e hiperinsuflación en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica durante 2 tipos de ejercicio de las extremidades superiores

INTRODUCTION Occurrence of dynamic hyperinflation during upper-limbs exercises in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients it is not well established. We hypothesized that dynamic hyperinflation and thoracoabdominal asynchrony occurs in COPD patients accomplishing arms exercises. We assessed the occurrence and association of dynamic hyperinflation and thoracoabdominal asynchrony in COPD patients during the accomplishment of two arm exercises. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective study with 25 COPD patients. A maximal and a sub-maximal upper limbs exercise test with 50% load were performed with the diagonal technique and the arm cycle ergometer technique. Respiratory pattern, thoracoabdominal configuration and dynamic hyperinflation were assessed in the exercise tests. RESULTS Thirty per cent and 60% of patients hyperinflated at the end of the sub-maximum exercise tests with the diagonal and cycle ergometer techniques, respectively. Thoracoabdominal asynchrony occurred in 80% and 100% of patients who hyperinflated with the diagonal and cycle ergometer techniques, respectively. For both exercises we found enhancement of pulmonary ventilation, dyspnea, central respiratory drive and shortening of expiratory time (P<.05). Upper-limbs exercises with the diagonal technique presented less number of patients with these alterations. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation and thoracoabdominal asynchrony association occurred in both upper-limbs exercises; however, the diagonal technique developed less dynamic hyperinflation and thoracoabdominal asynchrony in COPD patients than the arm cycle ergometer.

Comparação entre as técnicas de vibrocompressão e de aumento do fluxo expiratório em pacientes traqueostomizados

Chest physical therapy plays a key role in respiratory complications due to bronchial hypersecretion. Techniques such as thoracic vibrocompression and expiratory flow enhancement (EFE) are some of the ones used to assure airway clearance. This study aimed at assessing the effects of EFE and vibrocompression on airway-secretion removal and its repercussions on hemodynamic and respiratory parameters of tracheostomised patients. Twenty patients of both sexes aged 18 to 73 with diagnosed pulmonary hypersecretion and/or mucus retention were assessed as to hemodynamic and respiratory parameters before and after application of these techniques. After vibrocompression a significant decrease (p<0.05) was noticed in diastolic and mean blood pressure (BP), respectively from 82.2±13.4 to 77.4±13.3 mmHg and from 104.3±18.2 to 90.9±9.07 mmHg; also, mean BP decreased from 103.5±13.2 to 94.1±9.0 mmHg (p<0.05) with the use of EFE. No difference could be found (p=0.60) between the airway-secretion amounts obtained after both techniques. Tracheostomised patients hence presented BP reduction after the application of both vibrocompression and EFE techniques, but the use of either technique made no difference as to the amount of removed secretion.A fisioterapia respiratoria tem papel fundamental nos casos de complicacoes pelo excesso de secrecao broncopulmonar. Manobras de remocao de secrecao bronquica como a vibrocompressao e o aumento do fluxo expiratorio (AFE) garantem a perviabilidade das vias aereas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das manobras de AFE e vibrocompressao para remocao de secrecao e suas repercussoes hemodinâmicas e ventilatorias em pacientes traqueostomizados. Participaram 20 pacientes (com 18 a 73 anos) de ambos os sexos com diagnostico fisioterapeutico de hipersecrecao e/ou retencao de muco bronquico, submetidos a aplicacao dessas tecnicas e a remocao de secrecao, que foram avaliados antes e depois da intervencao quanto a parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratorios. Com a aplicacao da tecnica de vibrocompressao foi verificada queda significativa (p<0,05) nas pressoes arteriais (PA) diastolica e media de 82,2±13,4 para 77,4±13,3 mmHg e de 104,3±18,2 para 90,9±9,07 mmHg, respectivamente; o mesmo ocorreu com a PA media (p<0,05) apos a aplicacao da tecnica de AFE, de 103,5±13,2 para 94,1±9,0 mmHg. Nao houve diferenca entre as tecnicas aplicadas quanto ao volume de secrecao removida (p=0,60). Pacientes traqueostomizados apresentaram pois reducao da pressao arterial apos 30 minutos da aplicacao das tecnicas fisioterapeuticas, mas nao houve diferenca entre as tecnicas utilizadas quanto ao volume de secrecao removida.

Comparative Postural Control in COPD Patients and Healthy Individuals During Dynamic and Static Activities

PURPOSE: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have body balance deficits, with consequent fall risk. It is possible that body sway in patients with COPD affects their ability to perform daily activities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether body balance is similar in patients with COPD and healthy persons when performing static and dynamic activities. In addition, we wanted to assess whether impairment of balance is related to the presence of falls in patients with COPD. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, in which every spirometric classification in patients with COPD (mild, moderate, severe, and very severe degrees) and age-matched healthy subjects was assessed. Subjects who were current smokers and patients who underwent physical training in the last 6 months prior to the start of the study were excluded. Static balance was assessed by computerized posturography and dynamic body balance using the Berg Balance Scale. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients with COPD and 39 healthy persons were evaluated. Mean age was 67.3 (10.8) and 65.1 (9.7) years and mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 50.4 (19.0) and 89.2 (23.6) for patients with COPD and healthy individuals, respectively. The impairment of body balance was higher for the group of patients with COPD (P = .0005). Patients with greater impairment in body balance had greater incidence of falls, and body balance was more affected with age in patients with COPD than in healthy persons. CONCLUSION: Impairment of body balance is more frequent in patients with COPD than in healthy persons while performing dynamic activities, and a greater incidence of falls activities was also found for this group.

Análise comparativa entre a manobra de recrutamento alveolar e a técnica de breath stacking em pacientes com lesão pulmonar aguda

Objective To compare the effectiveness of the alveolar recruitment maneuver and the breath stacking technique with respect to lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients with acute lung injury. Methods Thirty patients were distributed into two groups: Group 1 - breath stacking; and Group 2 - alveolar recruitment maneuver. After undergoing conventional physical therapy, all patients received both treatments with an interval of 1 day between them. In the first group, the breath stacking technique was used initially, and subsequently, the alveolar recruitment maneuver was applied. Group 2 patients were initially subjected to alveolar recruitment, followed by the breath stacking technique. Measurements of lung compliance and airway resistance were evaluated before and after the use of both techniques. Gas analyses were collected before and after the techniques were used to evaluate oxygenation and gas exchange. Results Both groups had a significant increase in static compliance after breath stacking (p=0.021) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.03), but with no significant differences between the groups (p=0.95). The dynamic compliance did not increase for the breath stacking (p=0.22) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.074) groups, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.11). The airway resistance did not decrease for either groups, i.e., breath stacking (p=0.91) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.82), with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.39). The partial pressure of oxygen increased significantly after breath stacking (p=0.013) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.04), but there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.073). The alveolar-arterial O2 difference decreased for both groups after the breath stacking (p=0.025) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.03) interventions, and there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.81). Conclusion Our data suggest that the breath stacking and alveolar recruitment techniques are effective in improving the lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients with acute lung injury.

Evaluación de la musculatura respiratoria en la predicción del resultado de la extubación de pacientes con ictus

BACKGROUND Patients with cerebral infarction often present impaired consciousness and unsatisfactory extubation. We aimed to assess the respiratory mechanics components that might be associated with the success of extubation in stroke patients. METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with stroke who needed mechanical ventilation support were enrolled. The maximal inspiratory pressure, gastric and the esophageal pressure (Pdi/Pdimax), minute volume, respiratory rate, static compliance, airway resistance, rapid and superficial respiration index (RSRI), inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle (Ti/Ttot), and PaO(2)/FiO(2) were measured. RESULTS The group who presented success to the extubation process presented 12.5±2.2=days in mechanical ventilation and the group who failed presented 13.1±2=days. The mean Ti/Ttot and Pdi/Pdimax for the failure group was 0.4±0.08 (0.36-0.44) and 0.5±0.7 (0.43-0.56), respectively. The Ti/Ttot ratio was 0.37±0.05 (0.34-0.41; p=0.0008) and the Pdi/Pdimax was 0.25±0.05 for the success group (0.21-0.28; p<0.0001). A correlation was found between Pdi/Pdimax ratio and the RSRI (r=0.55; p=0.009) and PaO(2)/FiO(2) (r=-0.59; p=0.005). Patients who presented a high RSRI (OR, 3.66; p=0.004) and Pdi (OR, 7.3; p=0.002), and low PaO(2)/FIO(2) (OR, 4.09; p=0.007), Pdi/Pdimax (OR, 4.12; p=0.002) and RAW (OR, 3.0; p=0.02) developed mechanical ventilation extubation failure. CONCLUSION Muscular fatigue index is an important predicting variable to the extubation process in prolonged mechanical ventilation of stroke patients.

Hospitalização e mortalidade em idosos institucionalizados

The objective was to evaluate the causes of hospitalization and mortality in institutionalized elderly. Retrospective study carried out with records of institutionalized elderly individuals from January 1, 2013 to December 1, 2016. The death certificate, data related to the personal anthropometric profile, health history, diagnosis, medication in use, clinical manifestations, history Of falls, fractures, hospitalizations. Participated 25 records, distributed in two groups, G1 composed of 19 living patients, G2 six individuals who died. 100% female. The mean time of institutionalization was 4.8 ± 3.9 years, G2 age was significantly higher (p=0.028), proportion of dependents (p=0.04) and hospitalizations (p =0.028). G1 had a higher proportion of independent individuals, who performed the ADLs (p=0.002). He concluded that the factors that predispose hospitalization and the mortality of institutionalized elderly people are old age, dependence to perform activities of daily living and loss of locomotion.