Elisabete A. De Nadai Fernandes

Brazilian Experience on k0 Standardized Neutron Activation Analysis

After more than ten years working with multicomparator instrumental neutron activation analysis, mainly applied to the characterization of environmental samples, the Radioisotopes Laboratory (CENA/USP) started changing gradually to the k0-method in 1997. The main activities developed, as well as some of the results obtained, are presented here. Even though there is much more work to be done, the good quality of the results and the possibility of elemental determinations without the co-irradiation of standards may lead to the definitive adoption of the k0-method in a near future.

Seleção de epífitas acumuladoras de elementos químicos na Mata Atlântica

Epiphytes are efficient indicators of atmospheric pollution because of their direct uptake of chemical elements from atmosphere. Leaves from eleven species of bromeliads and one species of orchid were collected in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, SP, for determination of sixteen chemical elements. The selection of the best biomonitor species was based on the diversity and accumulation of chemical elements in the leaves. With an average accumulation index of 0.7, Canistropsis billbergioides has potential to be used as a biomonitor of chemical elements in the Atlantic Forest.

Separation and spectrophotometric determination of thorium contained in uranium concentrate

A method for the determination of thorium in uranium concentrate by spectrophotometry with Arsenazo III has been developed. Preliminary solvent extraction procedures were used to eliminate interfering species. Samples were dissolved in nitric, perchloric and sulfuric acid and the uranium extracted from the solution using tri-octylamine. The aqueous layer was evaporated to dryness and the residue re-dissolved with hydrochloric acid, thorium was extracted by tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide and stripped with oxalic acid. For a typical uranium concentrate produced from the phosphate rock of Itataia, Brazil, concentrations of thorium as low as 5 μg·g-1 can be determined.

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN CITRUS PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

This work focuses on the determination of rare earth elements (REE) in citrus ecosystem using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A comprehensive sampling was carried out in two organic and two conventional farms in the vicinity of Borborema city, São Paulo State, Brazil. The concentrations of lanthanum (La) in leaves were similar to those found in the soil with soil-to-plant transfer factors ranging from 0.65 to 1.05. The amount of REE decreased sequentially in the compartments soil, leaf, peel, pulp, seed and juice. Citrus plants can be considered accumulators of REE.

Pathway of rare-earth elements in a Brazilian forestry fragment

The Mata de Santa Genebra is a fragment of semi-deciduous tropical forest located in an urban area of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Potential sources of rare-earth elements (REE), such as oil refinery, agricultural activities and high-traffic roads, are situated close to this region. In this study, the central portion of the fragment dominated by Pachystroma longifolium and Esenbeckia leiocarpa was evaluated for the distribution of La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb and Yb in the soil, leaf and litter sub-compartments applying instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Leaf/soil concentration ratios (CR) of P. longifolium were higher than those obtained for E. leiocarpa by a factor of 20. Considering leaf/litter concentration ratios, no retranslocation of these elements was noticed for both species before litterfall. Accumulation of REE and typical distribution patterns were observed for the plant sub-compartments. The high La content may be attributed to preferential uptake by these plants or to external atmospheric sources.

Trace elements distribution in the Amazon floodplain soils

Neutron activation analysis was performed on aluvial soil samples from several sites on the floodplains of the Amazon River and its major tributaries for trace elements determination. The spatial and temporal variations of chemical composition of floodland sediments in the Amazon basin are discussed. No significant difference was found in trace elemental distribution in the floodland soils along the Amazon main channel, even after the source material has been progressively diluted with that from lowland draining tributaires. It was also seen that the average chemical composition of floodplain soils compares well with that of the suspended sediments.

Amazon estuary — assessment of trace elements in seabed sediments

The interactive processes operating on the continental shelf adjacent to the river mouth control the amount and the characteristics of the Amazon discharge reaching the Atlantic Ocean. In this study, the distribution of trace elemental concentrations, with emphasis to the rare-earth elements, in sediment cores collected at several stations from the Amazon continental shelf during the falling water period was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Cores from the terrigenous and blue water zones have relatively uniform REE concentrations throughout the profile. Cerium anomalies for samples of the upper section of the eight stations are consistently positive and of high values (normally >2). Similar variation in the elemental concentration ratios between the seabed sediments and Amazon River suspended sediments was seen for stations located in the biogenic and blue water zones, with an enrichment for Ce, Sm, Fe, Th, and Sc and a depletion for the La, Eu, Tb, Yb, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Ta, and Zn. The shale-normalized REE patterns from shelf sediments are enriched in LREE relative to HREE, with enrichment factors varying from 1.5 for stations near the river mouth (terrigenous zone) to 1.9 for stations located far in the blue water zone. Published data for the Amazon River suspended sediment agree remarkably well with this observation of LREE-enrichment.

Neutron activation analysis for assessing chemical composition of dry dog foods

Brazil holds the second largest population of domestic dogs in the world, with 33 million dogs, only behind the United States. The annual consumption of dog food in the country is 1.75 million tons, corresponding to the World’s sixth in trade turnover. Dog food is supposed to be a complete and balanced diet, formulated with high quality ingredients. All nutrients and minerals required for an adequate nutrition of dogs are added to the formulation to ensure longevity and welfare. In this context, the present study aimed at assessing the chemical composition of dry dog foods commercialized in Brazil. Thirty-four samples were acquired in the local market of Piracicaba and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine the elements As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, U, and Zn. In general, the concentrations of Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Zn complied with the values required by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). To evaluate the safety of dog food commercialized in Brazil, further investigation is necessary to better understand the presence of toxic elements found in this study, i.e. Sb and U. INAA was useful for the screening analysis of different types and brands of dry dog foods for the determination of both essential and toxic elements.

Arsenic and Chromium in Brazilian Agricultural Supplies

Arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) contents were measured in agricultural supplies used at different farms in São Paulo State, Brazil. The highest mass fractions of As were found in thermophosphates, reaching levels of 4 mg/kg. The highest mass fractions of Cr (21 g/kg) were found in calcium magnesium silicate, while the thermophosphates also presented high values reaching approximately 1 g/kg. The levels of As were within Brazilian guidelines, but the values of Cr in thermophosphates exceeded the levels permitted in Brazil. The As content in fertilizers may be considered safe (<5 mg/kg) in terms of environmental pollution. However, the Cr content in calcium magnesium silicate following continuous use may constitute a significant problem in Brazil due to potentially increasing levels of this metal in soils.

Translocation studies of 137Cs and 90Sr in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris): simulation of fallout

In case of an accident at a nuclear power plant with liberation of radioactive material into the atmosphere, knowledge about the behavior of plant species when in contact with radionuclides is indispensable for safety reasons. The leaf-fruit translocation is an important route through which agricultural products are contaminated by radionuclides. To quantify the leaf-fruit translocation factors for 137Cs and 90Sr in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a randomized block design. 137Cs activity was determined by gamma-ray spectrometry, while chemical separation followed by beta counting of 90Y was used for 90Sr determination. The model applied for translocation indicated functional dependence between the moment of tracer application and the physiological development of the bean plant. Translocation factors obtained for 137Cs and 90Sr were 0.16 and less than 0.005, respectively.