Elisabeth Zoller

Developments in the law of treaties, 1945-1986

The author has been closely involved with the United Nations on the law of the sea and international treaty law. In this collection of studies he considers the legal problems arising from the United Nations Conventions of 1969, 1978 and 1986 on the codification of the international law of treaties.

Peacetime Unilateral Remedies: An Analysis of Countermeasures

Contents: Table of Cases; Table of Abbreviations; Introduction. Part I -- The Legal Concept of Countermeasures: Introduction; Peacetime Unilateral Remedies; Retorsion; Reciprocity; Suspension and Termination of a Treaty; Reprisals. The Specificity of Countermeasures Purposes of Peacetime Unilateral Remedies Countermeasures and Coercion. Part II -- The Legal Framework of Countermeasures: Introduction; Substance of Countermeasures Target Rules; Target States; Conditions of Countermeasures; Legal Capacity; Procedural Questions; Substantive Condition; Conclusion; Appendix; Bibliography; Index.

The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe and the Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union

On May 1, 2004, ten new Member States, most of them from Eastern and Central Europe, joined the European Union (EU). This fifth enlargement, the most important undertaken thus far in the history of the EU, closed the book on the small Europe, once centered on the western end of the continent, and paved the way to the development of a much larger Europe that already includes twenty-five Member States, but that is likely to include others—Bulgaria and Romania by 2007, then Croatia, Macedonia, and perhaps (although the topic is much debated) Turkey. Already, to accommodate these new members, EU institutions have been reformed, and the founding treaties were duly amended in the Treaty of Nice of February 28, 2001. As it stands today, the EU system of government functions—and could perfectly well continue functioning—based as it currently is, on treaties. The EU treatybased system, however, has been subject to mounting criticism from a democratic standpoint since 1980, with the completion of the internal market. At some point, Nice seemed likely to be the place where substantial institutional reforms would take place. This was not the case; at the end of the Nice Treaty, however, an appended declaration adopted by the heads of states and governments acknowledged:

Laïcité in the United States or The Separation of Church and State in a Pluralist Society

American separation of church and state is much more exigent than French laïcité, in that it prohibits the state from helping one or all religions in any manner; either in making religious representatives accredited and recognized political interlocutors in political and social dialogue, in putting edifices at their disposition for religious practice, or in financing religious schools-all things that French public authority does to benefit certain religions present in the territory of the Republic. As a result, religions, churches, or sects in the United States are all on equal footing with the others; none is privileged. The downside of the situation is that freedom of religion is in no way helped or assisted as is often the case in France and in Europe more generally.