Elizabeth A. Manrao

Reading DNA at single-nucleotide resolution with a mutant MspA nanopore and phi29 DNA polymerase

Nanopore technologies are being developed for fast and direct sequencing of single DNA molecules through detection of ionic current modulations as DNA passes through a pores constriction. Here we demonstrate the ability to resolve changes in current that correspond to a known DNA sequence by combining the high sensitivity of a mutated form of the protein pore Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) with phi29 DNA polymerase (DNAP), which controls the rate of DNA translocation through the pore. As phi29 DNAP synthesizes DNA and functions like a motor to pull a single-stranded template through MspA, we observe well-resolved and reproducible ionic current levels with median durations of ∼28 ms and ionic current differences of up to 40 pA. Using six different DNA sequences with readable regions 42–53 nucleotides long, we record current traces that map to the known DNA sequences. With single-nucleotide resolution and DNA translocation control, this system integrates solutions to two long-standing hurdles to nanopore sequencing.

Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA

Nanopore sequencing has the potential to become a direct, fast, and inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. The simplest form of nanopore DNA sequencing utilizes the hypothesis that individual nucleotides of single-stranded DNA passing through a nanopore will uniquely modulate an ionic current flowing through the pore, allowing the record of the current to yield the DNA sequence. We demonstrate that the ionic current through the engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A, MspA, has the ability to distinguish all four DNA nucleotides and resolve single-nucleotides in single-stranded DNA when double-stranded DNA temporarily holds the nucleotides in the pore constriction. Passing DNA with a series of double-stranded sections through MspA provides proof of principle of a simple DNA sequencing method using a nanopore. These findings highlight the importance of MspA in the future of nanopore sequencing.

Nucleotide Discrimination with DNA Immobilized in the MspA Nanopore

Nanopore sequencing has the potential to become a fast and low-cost DNA sequencing platform. An ionic current passing through a small pore would directly map the sequence of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) driven through the constriction. The pore protein, MspA, derived from Mycobacterium smegmatis, has a short and narrow channel constriction ideally suited for nanopore sequencing. To study MspAs ability to resolve nucleotides, we held ssDNA within the pore using a biotin-NeutrAvidin complex. We show that homopolymers of adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine in MspA exhibit much larger current differences than in α-hemolysin. Additionally, methylated cytosine is distinguishable from unmethylated cytosine. We establish that single nucleotide substitutions within homopolymer ssDNA can be detected when held in MspAs constriction. Using genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms, we demonstrate that single nucleotides within random DNA can be identified. Our results indicate that MspA has high signal-to-noise ratio and the single nucleotide sensitivity desired for nanopore sequencing devices.

Continuously Scanning DNA with Nanopore MspA

Nanopore sequencing is a promising next-generation technology that is being enabled by the biological nanopore MspA. In this sequencing technique, current is driven through the ∼1 nm constriction of MspA. Single stranded DNA molecules are first drawn into the pore by an applied voltage. Next, a polymerase or helicase moves the DNA by discrete steps as it interacts with the pore. As the DNA moves through the pore, different nucleobases modulate the pores conductance to varying extents, allowing for extraction of sequence information from the current trace. In this experiment, we gain more complete information by using a variable applied voltage to stretch the DNA within the pore. Changing the voltage continuously repositions the DNA in the constriction. Coupling this voltage-induced movement with the enzyme-induced motion we reconstruct a profile characteristic of the DNA as it is pulled continuously through the constriction. This profile provides a tool for improving the de novo sequencing accuracy of the nanopore technique.