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Water International | 2001

Groundwater Exploitation and Its Impact on the Environment in the North China Plain

Liu Changming; Yu Jingjie; Eloise Kendy

Abstract The North China Plain (NCP) is one of Chinas most important social, economic, and agricultural regions. Currently, the Plain has 17,950 thousand ha of cultivated land, 71.1 percent of which is irrigated, consuming more than 70 percent of the total water supply. Increasing water demands associated with rapid urban and industrial development and expansion of irrigated land have led to overexploitation of both surface and the ratio of groundwater resources, particularly north of the Yellow River. In 1993, the ratio of groundwater exploitation to recharge in many parts of the NCP exceeded 1.0; in some areas, the ratio exceeded 1.5. Consequently, about 1.06 million ha of water-short irrigated areas in the NCP also have poor water quality. Persistent groundwater overexploitation in the northern parts of the NCP has resulted in water-level declines in both shallow and deep aquifers. According to data from 600 shallow groundwater observation wells in the Hebei Plain, the average depth to water increased from 7.23 m in 1983 to 11.52 m in 1993, indicating an average water-table decline of 0.425 m/year. Water table declines are not uniformly distributed throughout the area. Depletion rates are generally greatest beneath cities and intensively groundwater-irrigated areas. Water-table declines have also varied over time. With the continued decline of groundwater levels, large depression cones have formed both in unconfined and confined aquifers beneath the Hebei Plain. Groundwater depletion in the NCP has severely impacted the environment. Large tracts of land that overlie cones of depression have subsided, seawater has intruded into previously freshwater aquifers in coastal plains, and ground-water quality has deteriorated due to salinization, seawater intrusion, and untreated urban and industrial wastewater discharge. In order to balance groundwater exploitation with recharge, the major remedial measures suggested are to strengthen groundwater management, to raise water use efficiency, to adjust the water-consumed structure, and to increase water supply


Agricultural Water Management | 2004

Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, and water use efficiency in the North China Plain

Yongqiang Zhang; Eloise Kendy; Yu Qiang; Liu Changming; Shen Yanjun

In the North China Plain (NCP), excessive groundwater pumping is a serious problem. In this study, different groundwater irrigation schedules were applied. A simple soil water balance approach was introduced to evaluate crop evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE). Under normal irrigation scheduling, groundwater mining occurs at a rate of over 200 mm per year from a rapidly depleting aquifer system. Severe soil water deficit (SWD) decreases grain yield (GY) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), while slight SWD in a growth stage from spring green up to grain-filling winter wheat did not evidently reduce GY and WUE. A severe or slight SWD significantly reduces ET, which mainly depends on irrigation amounts. Thus, it is possible to reduce ET somewhat without significantly decreasing GY. ET was correlated to GY in a parabolic function, and maximum yield for winter wheat occurred when optimal ET for winter wheat was about 447 mm. It was important for wheat and maize to be irrigated before sowing to improve soil water storage (SWS), and the effect of the irrigation apparently increased wheat GY.


Ground Water | 2010

Can China Cope with Its Water Crisis?—Perspectives from the North China Plain

Chunmiao Zheng; Jie Liu; Guoliang Cao; Eloise Kendy; Hao Wang; Yangwen Jia

by Chunmiao Zheng1,2,3, Jie Liu3, Guoliang Cao2, Eloise Kendy4, Hao Wang5, and Yangwen Jia5 1Corresponding author: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; (205) 348-0579; fax: (205) 348-0818; [email protected] 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487. 3Center for Water Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. 4Environmental Flow Program, The Nature Conservancy, Helena, MT 59601. 5Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.


Hydrological Sciences Journal-journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques | 2014

The changing role of ecohydrological science in guiding environmental flows

Mike Acreman; Ian Overton; Jackie King; Paul J. Wood; Ian G. Cowx; Michael J. Dunbar; Eloise Kendy; William J. Young

Abstract The term “environmental flows” is now widely used to reflect the hydrological regime required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on them. The definition suggests a central role for ecohydrological science to help determine a required flow regime for a target ecosystem condition. Indeed, many countries have established laws and policies to implement environmental flows with the expectation that science can deliver the answers. This article provides an overview of recent developments and applications of environmental flows on six continents to explore the changing role of ecohydrological sciences, recognizing its limitations and the emerging needs of society, water resource managers and policy makers. Science has responded with new methods to link hydrology to ecosystem status, but these have also raised fundamental questions that go beyond ecohydrology, such as who decides on the target condition of the ecosystem? Some environmental flow methods are based on the natural flow paradigm, which assumes the desired regime is the natural “unmodified” condition. However, this may be unrealistic where flow regimes have been altered for many centuries and are likely to change with future climate change. Ecosystems are dynamic, so the adoption of environmental flows needs to have a similar dynamic basis. Furthermore, methodological developments have been made in two directions: first, broad-scale hydrological analysis of flow regimes (assuming ecological relevance of hydrograph components) and, second, analysis of ecological impacts of more than one stressor (e.g. flow, morphology, water quality). All methods retain a degree of uncertainty, which translates into risks, and raises questions regarding trust between scientists and the public. Communication between scientists, social scientists, practitioners, policy makers and the public is thus becoming as important as the quality of the science. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Acreman, M.C., Overton, I.C., King, J., Wood, P., Cowx, I.G., Dunbar, M.J., Kendy, E., and Young, W., 2014. The changing role of ecohydrological science in guiding environmental flows. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 433–450


Ground Water | 2007

Strategies for Offsetting Seasonal Impacts of Pumping on a Nearby Stream

John Bredehoeft; Eloise Kendy

Ground water pumping from aquifer systems that are hydraulically connected to streams depletes streamflow. The amplitude and timing of stream depletion depend on the stream depletion factor (SDF(i)) of the pumping wells, which is a function of aquifer hydraulic characteristics and the distance from the wells to the stream. Wells located at different locations, but having the same SDF and the same rate and schedule of pumping, will deplete streamflow equally. Wells with small SDF(i) deplete streamflow approximately synchronously with pumping. Wells with large SDF(i) deplete streamflow at approximately a constant rate throughout the year, regardless of the pumping schedule. For large values of SDF(i), artificial recharge that occurs on a different schedule from pumping can offset streamflow depletion effectively. The requirements are (1) that the pumping and recharge wells both have the same SDF(i) and (2) that the annual total quantities of recharge and pumping be equal. At larger SDF(i) values, it takes longer for pumping to impact streamflow in a wide aquifer than it does in a narrow aquifer. In basins that are closed to further withdrawals because streamflow is fully allocated, water-use changes replace new allocations as the source of water for new developments. Ground water recharge can be managed to offset the impacts of new ground water developments, allowing for changes in the timing and source of withdrawals from a basin without injuring existing users or instream flows.


Frontiers in Environmental Science | 2018

The Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018)

Angela H. Arthington; Anik Bhaduri; Stuart E. Bunn; Sue Jackson; Rebecca E. Tharme; David Tickner; Bill Young; Mike Acreman; Natalie Baker; Samantha J. Capon; Avril Horne; Eloise Kendy; Michael E. McClain; LeRoy Poff; Brian Richter; Selina Ward

A decade ago, scientists and practitioners working in environmental water management crystallized the progress and direction of environmental flows science, practice, and policy in The Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda (2007), during the 10th International Riversymposium and International Environmental Flows Conference held in Brisbane, Australia. The 2007 Declaration highlights the significance of environmental water allocations for humans and freshwater-dependent ecosystems, and sets out a nine-point global action agenda. This was the first consensus document that bought together the diverse experiences across regions and disciplines, and was significant in setting a common vision and direction for environmental flows internationally. After a decade of uptake and innovation in environmental flows, the 2007 declaration and action agenda was revisited at the 20th International Riversymposium and Environmental Flows Conference, held in Brisbane, Australia, in 2017. The objective was to publicize achievements since 2007 and update the declaration and action agenda to reflect collective progress, innovation, and emerging challenges for environmental flows policy, practice and science worldwide. This paper on The Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) describes the inclusive consultation processes that guided the review of the 2007 document. The 2018 Declaration presents an urgent call for action to protect and restore environmental flows and aquatic ecosystems for their biodiversity, intrinsic values, and ecosystem services, as a central element of integrated water resources management, and as a foundation for achievement of water-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Global Action Agenda (2018) makes 35 actionable recommendations to guide and support implementation of environmental flows through legislation and regulation, water management programs, and research, linked by partnership arrangements involving diverse stakeholders. An important new element of the Declaration and Action Agenda is the emphasis given to full and equal participation for people of all cultures, and respect for their rights, responsibilities and systems of governance in environmental water decisions. These social and cultural dimensions of e-flow management warrant far more attention. Actionable recommendations present a pathway forward for a new era of scientific research and innovation, shared visions, collaborative implementation programs, and adaptive governance of environmental flows, suited to new social, and environmental contexts driven by planetary pressures, such as human population growth and climate change.


Frontiers in Environmental Science | 2018

A three-level framework for assessing and implementing environmental flows

Jeffrey John Opperman; Eloise Kendy; Rebecca E. Tharme; Andrew Warner; Eugenio Barrios; Brian Richter

In the decade since the Brisbane Declaration (2007) called upon governments and other decision makers to undertake assessments of environmental flows and integrate them into water management, practitioners have continued to seek ways to expand implementation of flow restoration or protection. The science and practice of environmental flow assessment have evolved accordingly, generating diverse methods of differing complexity from which water managers or regulators need to select an approach best fitting their context. Uncertainty over method choice remains one of several of the more readily overcome barriers that have contributed to slowing the implementation of environmental flows. In this paper, we introduce a three-level framework intended to help overcome such barriers by intertwining holistic environmental flow assessment with implementation. The three levels differ based on the availability of resources and level of resolution required in the flow recommendations, with the framework designed to guide the user towards implementation at any level as soon as possible, based on at least some of the recommendations. Level 1 is a desktop analysis based on existing data, typically conducted by one or a few scientists. Level 2 is similarly mostly reliant on existing information, but brings together a multidisciplinary set of experts within a facilitated workshop setting to use both this knowledge and professional judgment to develop flow recommendations and fill data gaps. The most comprehensive assessment level, Level 3, guides the collection of new data and/or construction of models to test flow-ecology hypotheses developed by the expert team. Key characteristics of this framework include: (1) methods are matched to the levels of resources available and certainty required; funds for research are invested strategically to address critical knowledge gaps and thereby reduce uncertainty; (2) the framework is iterative and information generated at one level provides the foundation for, and identifies the need for, higher levels and; and (3) processes for flow assessment and implementation are intertwined, meaning they move forward in coordinated fashion, with each process informing the other. Using practical cases from North America, we illustrate how environmental flow assessment at each level has led to implementation, with changes in policy or management.


Hydrological Processes | 2003

A soil-water-balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain

Eloise Kendy; Pierre Gérard-Marchant; M. Todd Walter; Yongqiang Zhang; Changming Liu; Tammo S. Steenhuis


Hydrological Processes | 2004

Groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain: case study of Luancheng County, Hebei Province, 1949-2000

Eloise Kendy; Yongqiang Zhang; Changming Liu; Jinxia Wang; Tammo S. Steenhuis


Research Report. International Water Management Institute | 2003

Policies drain the North China Plain: Agricultural policy and groundwater depletion in Luancheng County, 1949-2000

Eloise Kendy; David J. Molden; Tammo S. Steenhuis; Changming Liu

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Changming Liu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Yongqiang Zhang

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

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David Molden

International Water Management Institute

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Jennifer Pitt

National Audubon Society

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John D. Bredehoeft

United States Geological Survey

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