Emilson Colantonio

Endurance exercise training increases APPL1 expression and improves insulin signaling in the hepatic tissue of diet-induced obese mice, independently of weight loss

Hepatic insulin resistance is the major contributor to fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. The protein kinase Akt plays a central role in the suppression of gluconeogenesis involving forkhead box O1 (Foxo1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma co‐activator 1 alpha (PGC‐1α), and in the control of glycogen synthesis involving the glycogen synthase kinase beta (GSK3β) in the liver. It has been demonstrated that endosomal adaptor protein APPL1 interacts with Akt and blocks the association of Akt with its endogenous inhibitor, tribbles‐related protein 3 (TRB3), improving the action of insulin in the liver. Here, we demonstrated that chronic exercise increased the basal levels and insulin‐induced Akt serine phosphorylation in the liver of diet‐induced obese mice. Endurance training was able to increase APPL1 expression and the interaction between APPL1 and Akt. Conversely, training reduced both TRB3 expression and TRB3 and Akt association. The positive effects of exercise on insulin action are reinforced by our findings that showed that trained mice presented an increase in Foxo1 phosphorylation and Foxo1/PGC‐1α association, which was accompanied by a reduction in gluconeogenic gene expressions (PEPCK and G6Pase). Finally, exercised animals demonstrated increased at basal and insulin‐induced GSK3β phosphorylation levels and glycogen content at 24 h after the last session of exercise. Our findings demonstrate that exercise increases insulin action, at least in part, through the enhancement of APPL1 and the reduction of TRB3 expression in the liver of obese mice, independently of weight loss. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2917–2926, 2012.

Effect of 12 weeks of training on critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state in swimmers

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of training on the critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state of elite swimmers. The tests to determine critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. Critical velocity after 12 weeks of training was significantly higher than before training (1.45±0.10 m · s−1 vs. 1.41±0.11 m · s−1). In contrast, no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training (1.41±0.10 m · s−1 vs. 1.43±0.10 m · s−1). There was also a decrease in mean lactate concentration after 12 weeks of training. Before training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 100% of critical velocity, with a mean lactate concentration of 4.34 mmol · l−1. After training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 98% of critical velocity, with a reduced mean lactate concentration of 3.69 mmol · l−1. Based on these results, it would appear that 12 weeks of training was enough to promote an increase in critical velocity. Although no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training, the decrease in mean lactate concentration after training demonstrated greater efficiency of the aerobic system, leading to less wear during the tests.

Effect of Fat Intake on the Inflammatory Process and Cardiometabolic Risk in Obesity After Interdisciplinary Therapy

Changes in diet and eating behavior along with excessive consumption of sugar or fat and a sedentary lifestyle are related to increased obesity and its associated comorbidities. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the type of macronutrients on specific health benefits associated with the weight loss in treating obesity. A total of 30 obese women (34.89±3.04 kg/m(2) and 43.3±5.34 years) participated in an interdisciplinary therapy approach to lifestyle change, which consisted of nutritional counseling, exercise, and psychological therapy for over a period of 26 weeks. The profile was obtained by anthropometric measurements and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Usual food intake was assessed with 3-day food record diaries and blood tests were used to determine metabolic and adipokines parameters. After therapy, there was significant reduction in all anthropometric and body composition variables. Food consumption also decreased while still providing adequate nutrient intake. There was significant improvement in LDL-cholesterol, PAI-1, leptin, CRP, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Lower dietary carbohydrate and fat intake led to weight loss. The effect of lower carbohydrate intake on weight loss is related to changes in body composition and leptin levels. Weight loss by reducing fat intake modified the inflammatory process and cardiovascular risk, indicating dietary fat as an independent predictor factor of cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, decreasing dietary fat consumption had greater impact on the inflammatory process on obese individuals. Our results show that the type of macronutrient influences the health benefits associated with weight loss.

Effect of hand paddles and parachute on butterfly coordination

Abstract This study investigated the effects of hand paddles, parachute and hand paddles plus parachute on the inter-limb coordination of butterfly swimming. Thirteen male swimmers were evaluated in four random maximal intensity conditions: without equipment, with hand paddles, with parachute and with hand paddles + parachute. Arm and leg stroke phases were identified by 2D video analysis to calculate the total time gap (T1: time between hands’ entry in the water and high break-even point of the first undulation; T2: time between the beginning of the hand’s backward movement and low break-even point of the first undulation; T3: time between the hand’s arrival in a vertical plane to the shoulders and high break-even point of the second undulation; T4: time between the hand’s release from the water and low break-even point of the second undulation). The swimming velocity was reduced and T1, T2 and T3 increased in parachute and hand paddles + parachute. No changes were observed in T4. Total time gap decreased in parachute and hand paddles + parachute. It is concluded that hand paddles do not influence the arm-to-leg coordination in butterfly, while parachute and hand paddles + parachute do change it, providing a greater propulsive continuity.

Undulatory physical resistance training program increases maximal strength in elderly type 2 diabetics

Objective To investigate the effects of a specific protocol of undulatory physical resistance training on maximal strength gains in elderly type 2 diabetics. Methods The study included 48 subjects, aged between 60 and 85 years, of both genders. They were divided into two groups: Untrained Diabetic Elderly (n=19) with those who were not subjected to physical training and Trained Diabetic Elderly (n=29), with those who were subjected to undulatory physical resistance training. The participants were evaluated with several types of resistance training’s equipment before and after training protocol, by test of one maximal repetition. The subjects were trained on undulatory resistance three times per week for a period of 16 weeks. The overload used in undulatory resistance training was equivalent to 50% of one maximal repetition and 70% of one maximal repetition, alternating weekly. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between pre-test and post-test over a period of 16 weeks. Results The average gains in strength were 43.20% (knee extension), 65.00% (knee flexion), 27.80% (supine sitting machine), 31.00% (rowing sitting), 43.90% (biceps pulley), and 21.10% (triceps pulley). Conclusion Undulatory resistance training used with weekly different overloads was effective to provide significant gains in maximum strength in elderly type 2 diabetic individuals.

Contribution of swimming, cycling and running in the final performance in different distances of triathlon races

Triathlon is one of the fastest growing sports in the world and the estimates show that there are thousands of practitioners, qualified in the execution of three consecutive sports (swimming, cycling and running, respectively) [1,2]. There are different types of races, with different distances: short distance (750m, 20km and 5km); Olympic distance (1500m, 40km and 10km), half distance (1900m, 90km and 21km) and full distance (3800m, 180km and 42km). Analyzing the races is possible to describe that swimming ranges from 10 to 20% of the total, cycling between 50 and 60% and running 30 to 40% of the race [3]. However, despite of cycling to be a higher percentage of execution in the race, researchers descript that this type of individual (triathlete) should be versatile and master in the three modalities [4]; throughout his practice during the years, as features of each task into different metrics and their influence on the overall performance of the evidence changes [5].

Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e desempenho de AVDs de idosos treinados e sedentários

OBJETIVO: Avaliar grupos de idosos que praticam musculacao, hidroginastica e sedentarios no desempenho de atividades de vida diaria (AVDs) e indices de variabilidade da frequencia cardiaca (VFC). METODOS : Foram avaliados 60 idosos separados em tres grupos distintos (G1 - praticantes de musculacao; G2 – praticantes de hidroginastica; G3 – sedentarios). Foi avaliada a VFC em repouso durante cinco minutos antes dos exercicios propostos. Testes fisicos propostos: 800m de corrida ou caminhada, levantar da cadeira e se locomover, levantar do solo, subir e descer 15 degraus e calcar meias. RESULTADOS: No desempenho de AVDs, o G1 apresentou resultados superiores aos demais grupos para o teste de 800m de caminhada, para os testes de subir e descer escadas, levantar da cadeira e se deslocar e levantar do solo; o G1 apresentou resultados superiores ao G3 para o teste de calcar meias. Para as comparacoes entre o G2 e G3 nao foi possivel observar diferencas significativas. Para os indices de VFC nao foi possivel observar diferencas significantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSAO: O grupo praticante de musculacao demonstrou resultados superiores na maior parte dos testes quando comparado ao grupo sedentario. Para os testes de VFC nao foram encontradas diferencas significantes para nenhum dos grupos.