Emrullah Eken

The distribution of the coronary arteries in the Angora rabbit.

The aim of this study was to determine the origin, course, termination and anastomosing of the coronary arteries in Angora rabbits. Eight adult healthy male Angora rabbits were used. Coloured latex was injected into the ascending aorta. A. coronaria sinistra of the Angora rabbit had larger diameter than a. coronaria dextra. It was divided into r. proximalis atrii sinistri, r. interventricularis paraconalis and r. circumflexus sinister in six Angora rabbits as well as r. septi interventricularis in two. R. septi interventricularis that stem directly from a. coronaria sinistra in two animals and from r. interventricularis paraconalis in six was a principal vessel responsible for the septum interventriculare. R. marginis ventricularis sinistri originating from r. circumflexus sinister was the most prominent artery on the auricular surface of the heart. R. interventricularis subsinuosus was not detected in Angora rabbits examined. A. coronaria dextra, crossing the sulcus coronarius immediately after its origin, ran obliquely in direction of the sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus to supply the right portion of the heart. The ventricular and septal branches of a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra ran subepicardially at the beginning then intramyocardially and mostly parallel to the muscle fibres as surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. Their atrial branches were seen continuously to run subepicardially.

Morphological studies on Meckel's diverticulum in geese (Anser anser domesticus).

This study was carried out to reveal the morphological features of Meckels diverticulum (MD) in geese. For this purpose, a total of 36 adult healthy geese of both sexes, 50–52 weeks of age, were used. The mean weight of MD in male was found to be significantly larger than that of female. It was located a little distal to the midpoint of the small intestine in both sexes. It had a lot of lymphoid tissues, the simple columnar epithelium and a small number of crypts, and was a lack of villi, and its muscularis mucosae was very thin. Results from this study are thought to throw light on future studies on MD and proper diagnosis of pathological disorders related to it, and to contribute considerably to the present anatomical knowledge on MD in geese.

A Three-Dimensional Reconstructive Study of Pelvic Cavity in the New Zealand Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The present study has been performed to reveal biometrical aspects and diameter-related differences in terms of sexes regarding pelvic cavity via three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction by using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images of pelvic cavity of the New Zealand rabbit. A total of 16 adult New Zealand rabbits, including 8 males and 8 females, were used in this study. Under anesthesia, the images obtained from MDCT were stacked and overlaid to reconstruct the 3D model of the pelvic cavity using 3D modeling software (Mimics 13.1). Measurements, such as the conjugate, transverse, and vertical diameters of the pelvic cavity, and the pelvic inclination were calculated and analyzed statistically. Biometrical differences of the pelvic diameters in New Zealand rabbits of both sexes were shown clearly. It was concluded that the pelvic diameters revealed by 3D modeling techniques can shed light on medical students who take both anatomy training and gynecological applications. The authors hope that the synchronization of medical approaches may give rise to novel diagnostic and therapeutic developments related to pelvic cavity.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Columna Vertebralis Images of Elite Male Weightlifters Taken by a Multi-Detector Computerized Tomography (MDCT)

El objetivo fue realizar un estudio comparativo de la estructura vertebral de pesistas de elite y un grupo sedentario (grupo control) atraves de la obtencion de datos y modelos tridimensionales mediante fotogrametria de secciones de la columna vertebral por TCMD. La columna vertebral de los pesistas, 8 varones y 8 sujetos sedentarios (grupo control) fue escaneada con un dispositivo para diagnostico de alta definicion TCMD. Los hallazgos demograficos sugieren que no hay diferencias entre los pesistas y los sujetos sedentarios. Las imagenes axiales 2D en formato DICOM fueron grabados en CD y luego copiadas a un PC en 3D-Doctor 4.0, un programa de modelado 3D que ya se habia instalado. La reconstruccion se llevo a cabo con el componente de representacion 3D del programa. Todos los datos fueron medidos por el programa de manera automatica y los analisis estadisticos fueron determinados mediante una prueba t por SPSS 15.0. Considerando los resultados estadisticos de la columna vertebral, solamente en la longitud de la parte lumbar se observaron algunas diferencias consideradas significativas (p<0,05) entre las vertebras L3-L5 en los pesistas de elite y los sujetos sedentarios. Por lo tanto, estas tecnicas y los procedimientos de reconstruccion en tres dimensiones deben ser puestos en practica en la medicina deportiva, debido a que este tipo de estudio puede ser util en los trabajos de subestructura que se realizen en los pesistas mediante TCMD.

The Distribution of the Cardiac Veins in Angora Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

This study was carried out to describe the ramifications of the cardiac veins of Angora rabbit. For this purpose, a total of 16 adult healthy Angora rabbits of both sexes, 1.5–2 years of age, were used. The great, middle, right cardiac veins ran in a subepicardial course and opened into the left cranial vena cava, but some tributaries of the right cardiac veins sometimes also joined various portions of the right atrium. The smallest cardiac veins followed subendocardially and terminated in the right chambers of the heart. Based on their origin, course and frequency, it was concluded that the smallest cardiac veins are primarily responsible for the drainage of the interventricular septum. Results from this study are thought to shed light on further heart‐related medical studies, and to contribute considerably to the present anatomical knowledge of the cardiac veins in this species.

The influence of stomach volume on the liver topography in cats.

The aim of this study has been to describe the effect of varying degrees of fullness of the stomach on liver topography in cats by means of the sectional anatomy of the abdominal cavity. Twenty‐four adult healthy cats of both sexes and of different ages were used. The cats were divided into two groups. The first group had empty stomachs and the second group had filled stomachs. Eight cats were dissected. The remaining cats were frozen at – 20 °C, eight of these were then sectioned paramedially and the other eight were sectioned transversely. In the dissection and sections, it was observed that the liver shifted considerably to the right and craniodorsally in cats with full stomachs. In this article, the topographical anatomy of the liver according to varying stomach volumes is described in a manner that is useful to veterinary surgeons and clinicians. The sectional findings obtained from the paramedial and transverse sections provide information for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

The effect of stomach volume on the colon topography in cats

The aim of this study has been to describe the effect of varying degrees of fullness of the stomach on the topography of colon in cats by means of the sectional anatomy of the abdominal cavity. Twenty-four adult healthy cats of both sexes and of different ages were used. The cats were divided into two groups, of which group one had empty stomachs and the second filled stomachs. Eight cats were dissected. The remaining cats were frozen at -20 degrees C, the eight of which were sectioned paramedially and the other eight transversely. The ascending colon started at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and the cranial boundary of the transverse colon was at the level of the second lumbar vertebra in cats with empty stomachs. The ascending colon started at the level of the sixth lumbar vertebra in cats with full stomachs, while the cranial boundary of the transverse colon was at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra and had lost relationship to the right kidney resting directly on the vertebral column. In both groups, the descending colon was located in the left abdominal cavity up to the level of the sixth lumbar vertebra, at which point it curved medially and ran cranial to the seventh lumbar vertebra in the median plane. Results from this study are to throw light on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Determination of sex-related differences based on 3D reconstruction of the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) vertebral column from MDCT scans

This study was undertaken to obtain and analyse, on the basis of sex, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions obtained by a 3D computer program from two-dimensional (2D) vertebral column sections taken by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images, in the chinchilla. A total of 16 adult chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) of both sexes were used. The MDCT images were taken under general anaesthesia, and were then transferred to a personal computer on which 3D reconstructions were carried out using a 3D modelling program (Mimics 13.1). The volume, surface area and vertebral body length of each vertebra (except caudal region) forming the vertebral column were measured from the 3D models created. The ratios (in percentage) of the measurements of each vertebra (except the sacral ones) forming the vertebral column region (cervical part, thoracic part, lumbar part) were determined for statistical analysis. We detected significant differences (P < 0.05) between sexes in all vertebrae forming the vertebral column of the chinchilla with respect to volume, surface area and vertebral body length, except for C6 and L1. This study is the first to carry out 3D reconstructions of data obtained from CT images in the chinchilla and the obtained results contribute to a more detailed understanding of the anatomy of this species. Our strategy may also be useful for the design of experiments exploring the vertebral column in domestic mammals and humans.

The histological characteristics and localisation of ACP and ANAE positive lymphocytes in the oesophageal tonsil of the duck ( Anas platyrhynchos )

This study was carried out to examine histological and enzyme histochemical characteristics of the oesophageal tonsil in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Tissue samples were collected from distal parts of the mucosal folds at the oesophageal/proventricular junction. We applied alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase to tissue sections for localisation of T or B lymphocytes. Trichrome staining, silver impregnation, methyl green-pyronin staining and PAS reaction were used for determination of light microscopic structure of the oesophageal tonsils. The oesophageal tonsils were located at the junction of the oesophagus and proventriculus. Interestingly, we detected the existence of high endothelial venules in the interfollicular area and of the accumulated positive cells in lymphoid nodules. It can be said that these tonsils have functions similar to the Harderian gland in avian species and Waldeyers ring in mammalian species.

Comparative Macroanatomic Investigations on the Formation of the External Iliac Vein in Akkaraman Sheep and Angora Goat

To evaluate the formation of the external iliac vein in Akkaraman sheep and Angora goats, 8 adult healthy Akkaraman sheep and 8 Angora goats of both sexes, 3 to 4 years of age, were examined. The external iliac vein was formed by the deep femoral and femoral veins in 6 Akkaraman sheep and 7 Angora goats and by the medial circumflex femoral and femoral veins in 2 Akkaraman sheep and I Angora goat. Results from this study are thought to throw light on the future studies on the venous system, and to contribute considerably to the present anatomical knowledge concerning the external iliac vein of sheep and goats.