Endra Gunawan

Fault slip distribution of the 2014 Iquique, Chile, earthquake estimated from ocean‐wide tsunami waveforms and GPS data

We applied a new method to compute tsunami Greens functions for slip inversion of the 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake using both near-field and far-field tsunami waveforms. Inclusion of the effects of the elastic loading of seafloor, compressibility of seawater, and the geopotential variation in the computed Greens functions reproduced the tsunami traveltime delay relative to long-wave simulation and allowed us to use far-field records in tsunami waveform inversion. Multiple time window inversion was applied to tsunami waveforms iteratively until the result resembles the stable moment rate function from teleseismic inversion. We also used GPS data for a joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and coseismic crustal deformation. The major slip region with a size of 100 km × 40 km is located downdip the epicenter at depth ~28 km, regardless of assumed rupture velocities. The total seismic moment estimated from the slip distribution is 1.24 × 1021 N m (Mw 8.0).

Isolating along-strike variations in the depth extent of shallow creep and fault locking on the northern Great Sumatran Fault

The Great Sumatran Fault system in Indonesia is a major right-lateral trench-parallel system that can be divided into several segments, most of which have ruptured within the last century. This study focuses on the northern portion of the fault system which contains a 200-km-long segment that has not experienced a major earthquake in at least 170 years. In 2005, we established the Aceh GPS Network for the Sumatran Fault System (AGNeSS) across this segment. AGNeSS observes large displacements which include significant postseismic deformation from recent large megathrust earthquakes as well as interseismic deformation due to continued elastic loading of both the megathrust and the strike slip system. We parameterize the displacements due to afterslip on the megathrust using a model based on a rate- and state-dependent friction formalism. Using this approach, we are able to separate afterslip from other contributions. We remove predicted deformation due to afterslip from the observations, and use these corrected time series to infer the depth of shallow aseismic creep and deeper locked segments for the Great Sumatran Fault. In the northern portion of this fault segment, we infer aseismic creep down to 7.3 ± 4.8 km depth at a rate of 2.0 ± 0.6 cm/year. In the southwestern portion of the segment, we estimate a locking depth of 14.8 ± 3.4 km with a downdip slip rate of 1.6 ± 0.6 cm/year. This portion of the fault is capable of producing a magnitude 7.0 earthquake.

Evidence of Postseismic Deformation Signal of the 2007 M8.5 Bengkulu Earthquake and the 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean Earthquake in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia, Based on GPS Data

Abstract GPS data in southern Sumatra, Indonesia, indicate crustal deformation associated to subduction zone and inland fault of Great Sumatran Fault (GSF). We analyze these deformation characteristics using campaign and continuous GPS data available in southern Sumatra from 2006–2014. After removing the effect of GSF in southern Sumatra and coseismic displacements of 2007 Bengkulu and 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake, we find that GPS sites experienced northwest-ward direction. These GPS velocities correspond to postseismic deformation of the 2007 Bengkulu earthquake and the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake. We analyze strain using these velocities, and we find that postseismic strains in southern Sumatra are in the range of 0.8–20 nanostrain.

Analysis of Coseismic Fault Slip Models of the 2012 Indian Ocean Earthquake: Importance of GPS Data for Crustal Deformation Studies

Based on continuous GPS data, we analyze coseismic deformation due to the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake. We use the available coseismic slip models of the 2012 earthquake, derived from geodetic and/or seismic waveform inversion, to calculate the coseismic displacements in the Andaman-Nicobar, Sumatra and Java. In our analysis, we employ a spherical, layered model of the Earth and we find that Java Island experienced coseismic displacements up to 8 mm, as also observed by our GPS network. Compared to coseismic offsets measured from GPS data, a coseismic slip model derived from multiple observations produced better results than a model based on a single type of observation.

Time series analysis of continuous GPS data in Central Java 2010-2015

This paper is aiming at making an improvement in GPS data time series as an input in estimating velocity field in Central Java. In this research, GPS observation data originated from Indonesia Continuously Operating Reference Station (InaCORS) 2010-2015 in Central Java are used and processed using GAMIT 10.6. Vienna Mapping Function 1 (VMF1) and daily IONEX data are used in data processing to improve GPS time series. Velocity is estimated by considering not only linear trend but also seasonal signals from time series analysis. It is found that by applying VMF1 and daily IONEX data has improved GPS time series by 0.14 mm in horizontal and 0.35 mm in vertical direction. The resulting velocity has improved 0.08 mm/yr in both horizontal direction and 0.16 mm/yr in vertical direction by canceling velocity bias due to seasonal signal. The results show that currently Central Java is moving at direction 103-121 degrees at rate 23.7–28.4 mm/yr and experiencing subsidence at rate 2-6 mm/yr, except in CBLR and CPKL ...

Preliminary co-sesimic deformation model for Indonesia geospatial reference system 2013

In the October 11st 2013, Indonesia introduced the new national geodetic datum which called as Sistem Referensi Geospasial Indonesia 2013 (Indonesian Geospatial Reference System 2013). This is a semi dynamic datum in natural, which the reference epoch define at 2012.0 and the coordinates change due to plate motion and earthquake was accommodate using a deformation model. One of the components of deformation model is co-seismic deformation due to earthquake. In this study we estimate the co-seismic deformation model based on GPS time series data and earthquake geometry parameter. We used 4 major earthquakes with the magnitude > 8 Mw that occurred in the Indonesia region since 2004. Our result shows the rmse of residual co-seismic deformation from both method (GPS and earthquake modeling) in the East and North components is 4.10 mm and 5.26 mm for Sumatra Andaman 2004 EQ, 46.68 mm and 178.92 mm for Sumatra Utara 2005 EQ, 140.42 mm and 171.00 mm for Sumatra Selatan 2007 EQ, and 14.29 mm and 9.73 mm for Whart...

Analysis of 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake coseismic slip model based on GPS data

The CGPS (Continuous Global Position System) data of Sumatran GPS Array (CGPS) and Indonesian Geospatial Agency (BIG) in Sumatra are processed to estimate the best fit coseismic model of 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake. For GPS data processing, we used the GPS Analysis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (GAMIT) 10.5 software and Global Kalman Filter (GLOBK) to generate position time series of each GPS stations and estimate the coseismic offset due to the Earthquake. The result from GPS processing indicates that the earthquake caused displacement northeast ward up to 25 cm in northern Sumatra. Results also show subsidence at the northern Sumatran while the central part of Sumatra show northwest direction displacement, but we cannot find whether the subsidence or the uplift signal associated to the earthquake due to the vertical data quality. Based on the GPS coseismic data, we evaluate the coseismic slip model of Indian Ocean Earthquake produced by previous study [1], [2], [3]. We calculated coseismic displacement using half-space with earthquake slip model input and compare it with the displacement produced form GPS data.The CGPS (Continuous Global Position System) data of Sumatran GPS Array (CGPS) and Indonesian Geospatial Agency (BIG) in Sumatra are processed to estimate the best fit coseismic model of 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake. For GPS data processing, we used the GPS Analysis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (GAMIT) 10.5 software and Global Kalman Filter (GLOBK) to generate position time series of each GPS stations and estimate the coseismic offset due to the Earthquake. The result from GPS processing indicates that the earthquake caused displacement northeast ward up to 25 cm in northern Sumatra. Results also show subsidence at the northern Sumatran while the central part of Sumatra show northwest direction displacement, but we cannot find whether the subsidence or the uplift signal associated to the earthquake due to the vertical data quality. Based on the GPS coseismic data, we evaluate the coseismic slip model of Indian Ocean Earthquake produced by previous study [1], [2], [3]. We calculated coseis...

Geodetic and Geomorphic Evaluations of Earthquake Generation Potential of the Northern Sumatran Fault, Indonesia

We have conducted geodetic and geomorphic observations in the northernmost part of Sumatra, Indonesia to monitor strain accumulation in the vicinity of the northern Sumatran fault. Evaluation of the earthquake generation potential in this region is highly urgent because of a large fault slip rate, absence of major earthquakes for more than 100 years and recent Coulomb stress increase on the fault due to the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (M w 9. 2). We have deployed Aceh GPS Network for the Sumatran Fault System (AGNeSS) since 2005. The data collected have been used for estimating slip/locking distribution of the Sumatran fault and constructing a comprehensive model for postseismic deformation after the 2004 event. Tectonic geomorphic features are also important to reveal long-term slip history of the fault. We have used high-resolution stereo-paired ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping) satellite images to map the surface trace of the Sumatran fault and conducted field observations to ensure the trace by geomorphic and geologic evidence. We introduce preliminary results of the fault mapping together with a brief description of the crustal deformation field detected by GPS.

Preliminary deformation model for National Seismic Hazard map of Indonesia

Preliminary deformation model for the Indonesia’s National Seismic Hazard (NSH) map is constructed as the block rotation and strain accumulation function at the elastic half-space. Deformation due to rigid body motion is estimated by rotating six tectonic blocks in Indonesia. The interseismic deformation due to subduction is estimated by assuming coupling on subduction interface while deformation at active fault is calculated by assuming each of the fault‘s segment slips beneath a locking depth or in combination with creeping in a shallower part. This research shows that rigid body motion dominates the deformation pattern with magnitude more than 15 mm/year, except in the narrow area near subduction zones and active faults where significant deformation reach to 25 mm/year.

Evaluation of the 2012 Indian Ocean coseismic fault model in 3-D heterogeneous structure based on vertical and horizontal GNSS observation

Lack of observation network in the vicinity of oceanic intraplate earthquake lead the estimation of coseismic fault slip with high uncertainty. Satriano et al. [2] and Wei et al. [3] found NNE trending left-lateral slip as the primary features. In another hand, Yue et al. [4] and Hill et al. [5] proposed WNW trending right-lateral faults structure as the main characteristic. Here, we investigate the coseismic fault model that could explain the coseismic offset both vertical and horizontal in a 3-D heterogeneous earth structure. We constructed finite element model that include three-dimensional velocity structure, topography/bathymetry, spherical-earth and subducting slab. In this study, we employed scaling slip to adjust slip amount and total seismic moment. Instead of original slip amount, we preserve seismic moment as a basis comparison. Based on vertical and horizontal observation data, WNW trending right-lateral fault could fit better than NNE trending left-lateral fault. The present study demonstrates best-fit calculation using scaling slip optimized to the horizontal or vertical observation lead the both fault model worsen the misfit of vertical or horizontal component, respectively. This result analysis indicates a trade-off between vertical and horizontal component and reflects the importance of revisiting the fault slip modeling incorporating vertical and horizontal data equally.Lack of observation network in the vicinity of oceanic intraplate earthquake lead the estimation of coseismic fault slip with high uncertainty. Satriano et al. [2] and Wei et al. [3] found NNE trending left-lateral slip as the primary features. In another hand, Yue et al. [4] and Hill et al. [5] proposed WNW trending right-lateral faults structure as the main characteristic. Here, we investigate the coseismic fault model that could explain the coseismic offset both vertical and horizontal in a 3-D heterogeneous earth structure. We constructed finite element model that include three-dimensional velocity structure, topography/bathymetry, spherical-earth and subducting slab. In this study, we employed scaling slip to adjust slip amount and total seismic moment. Instead of original slip amount, we preserve seismic moment as a basis comparison. Based on vertical and horizontal observation data, WNW trending right-lateral fault could fit better than NNE trending left-lateral fault. The present study demonstrate...