Enilton Fick Coutinho

Profile of phenolic compounds of Brazilian virgin olive oils by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC–ESI-TOF-MS)

In recent years, agronomical researchers began to cultivate several olive varieties in different regions of Brazil to produce virgin olive oil (VOO). Because there has been no reported data regarding the phenolic profile of the first Brazilian VOO, the aim of this work was to determine phenolic contents of these samples using rapid-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 25 VOO samples from Arbequina, Koroneiki, Arbosana, Grappolo, Manzanilla, Coratina, Frantoio and MGS Mariense varieties from three different Brazilian states and two crops were analysed. It was possible to quantify 19 phenolic compounds belonging to different classes. The results indicated that Brazilian VOOs have high total phenolic content because the values were comparable with those from high-quality VOOs produced in other countries. VOOs from Coratina, Arbosana and Grappolo presented the highest total phenolic content. These data will be useful in the development and improvement of Brazilian VOO.

Sistemas e condições de colheita e armazenamento na qualidade de morangos cv. Camarosa

The objective of this work was to evaluate the cv. Camarosas quality of strawberries submitted to different harvest systems, UV-C light, exposure modified atmosphere and storage for different periods, seeking the increase of the useful life and the reduction of losses after the crop. The harvest was accomplished in two systems, in system one the producer accomplished the harvest without gloves, into wood boxes and without using the pre-cooling of the fruits. In system two the harvest was accomplished by trained people, who used disinfected gloves, and put the strawberries into also disinfected and washed plastic boxes, the pre-coolig which was used was -3C for 1 hour, up to the fruits pulp temperature reached 4C. The following treatments were tested: T1- control (fruits without UV-C light and without polyethylene bag); T2- fruits submitted to UV-C light for 6 minutes; T3- fruits conditioned polyethylene bag; T4- fruits submitted to the UV-C light and conditioned under a polyethylene bag. The storage was accomplished under a temperature of 0±0,5C and 90 to 95% relative humidity (RH) through periods of 3, 6 and 9 days followed by commercialization simulation for 3 days under the temperature of 8±1C and RH between 75 to 80%. In the harvest and after the storage it was evaluated weight loss; color; pulp firmness; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); SS/TA ratio; ascorbic acid and incidence of rottenness. The pre-cooling usage reduced the weight loss and the percentage of rottenness. The weight loss decreased in treated fruits that was covered with polyethylene The UV-C light reduced the percentage of rottenness. Cv. Camarosa strawberries picked carefully, submitted to the pre-cooling, that went under the UV-C light and polyethylene film, maintains the quality for nine days of storage under 0oC and 3 days of commercialization to 8oC.

Divergência genética entre clones de guaranazeiro

As tecnicas multivariadas, para estimar a diversidade genetica de um grupo de progenitores, tem sido utilizadas com frequencia pelos melhoristas de plantas. Os progenitores sao utilizados em cruzamentos biparentais ou multiplos, para formacao de populacoes segregantes que tenham maior probabilidade de recuperacao de genotipos superiores. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar clones de guaranazeiro produtivos e divergentes que possam ser utilizados em um programa de cruzamentos para obter hibridos com alto valor heterotico e materiais para propagacao vegetativa. Foram avaliados 148 clones de guaranazeiro atualmente em uso no programa de melhoramento genetico da Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal da Amazonia Ocidental. Utilizou-se, para estimativa da divergencia genetica, a analise de agrupamento, em que a medida de dissimilaridade utilizada foi a distância euclidiana media padronizada e os metodos de agrupamento de otimizacao de Tocher e do vizinho mais proximo para construcao do dendrograma entre grupos de clones. Houve a formacao de sete grupos divergentes de clones. Concluiu-se que a divergencia genetica entre os clones nao e grande, pois dois grupos foram formados com dois clones e tres grupos foram formados somente com um unico clone. Os clones CMU384 e CMU801 foram os mais proximos geneticamente e podem ser utilizados na formacao de uma populacao com desenvolvimento vegetativo uniforme para uso em plantios comerciais.

Plastic packages and cold storage on the postharvest preservation of jabuticaba fruits

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the plastic packages use in cold storage on the preservation of jabuticabas (Myrciaria spp) for fresh consumption and processing. Two experiments were carried out at Embrapa Clima Temperado Research Center, Pelotas RS, with the following treatments: T1 control (open package); T2 200g capacity plastic box (dimensions: 18 cm of length, 12 cm of width and 3 cm of height) with perforated cover (two holes of 1mm diameter each one); and T3 15m thick perforated plastic sac (0,5mm holes). In the Experiment 1, the fruits (for fresh consume) with these packaging treatments were kept during eight days in a cold storage chamber under temperature of 0oC and 90% relative humidity (RH) containing 0,03-0,09ppm of ionized oxygen, and after being taken out from the cold storage, the fruits of the three pack kinds were left two days in room temperature (20-22oC) and 70-75% RH. In the Experiment 2 (fruit for processing), it were evaluated the same treatments and cold storage conditions as it was referred in the first experiment, except that it was not simulated shelf life of the fruits which, in this experiment, were kept in the cold storage chamber of 0oC and 90oC RH for 10 days , since the fruits were supposed to be used for processing. In both experiments, the variables evaluated were: loss of weight (%); total soluble solids (TSS); pH; tritable acidity TA (% citric acid); and ratio TSS/TA. It was concluded that for both purposes of fruit consumption the best packing was the 15m plastic sac which kept better the quality during eight days in cold storage plus two days of simulated shelf life as well as the fruits for processing kept in cold storage for 10 days.

Uso de poda verde, plásticos refletivos, antitranspirante e potássio na produção de pêssegos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar tecnicas que viabilizem a producao de pessegos de melhor qualidade, ao potencializar caracteristicas externas como a coloracao vermelha na epiderme e o tamanho, bem como caracteristicas quimicas relativas ao sabor. Num pomar comercial de pessegueiros da cultivar Maciel, no Municipio de Pelotas, RS, foram avaliados os efeitos da poda verde, o uso de dois tipos de plastico refletivo sob a copa das plantas, diferentes concentracoes de cloreto de potassio (KCl) incorporado ao solo, com ou sem KCl via foliar e antitranspirante. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso. O uso de 1.200 g de KCl via solo, combinado com 10 g de KCl via foliar e poda verde, produziu coloracao vermelha mais intensa na epiderme dos pessegos. O uso de 1.600 g de KCl no solo, combinado com poda verde, produziu pessegos com maior peso medio, maior diâmetro e baixa acidez titulavel. A cobertura do solo, sob a copa das plantas, com plastico de rafia, combinado com poda verde, resultou num maior teor de solidos soluveis totais nos frutos. O uso dessas praticas culturais, realizadas na pre-colheita, influencia positivamente a qualidade final das frutas de pessegueiro da cultivar Maciel.

DISTRIBUIÇÃO POTENCIAL DE OLIVEIRAS NO BRASIL E NO MUNDO

Demand for olive oil has been increasing worldwide, especially in Brazil, increasing the need for expansion of planting area. However, in regions that are traditional producers, there isn’t more space, we need to seek new areas for planting in the world. In this study, we identified marginal areas for farming in Brazil, using ecological niche modeling, based on occurrence points raised in the producing regions of Europe, United States, Australia and Latin America (Chile, Argentina and Uruguay). It was used 346 georreferenced occurrence points and climatic data layers (mean minimum air temperature, mean maximum air temperature - in oC - and total rainfall - in mm) seasonal (spring, summer, autumn and winter) of the world, downloaded from the site of Worldclim. The data were organized and formatted in geographic information systems (GIS), using ArcGIS 10. Finally, we made maps with probability of olive trees in the world. It was also made a map just of South America, with the most suitable areas for planting olive trees.

Aplicação pós-colheita de luz ultravioleta (UV-C) em pêssegos cultivar Jade, armazenados em condição ambiente

Treatments with benomyl and UV light were evaluated with regard to the ocurrence of fruit rot of peaches cv. Jade kept under room temperature conditions for 8 days after harvesting. The evaluations were performed at the 4th and 8th days at room conditons (26oC and 75-80% RH). The treatments were: T1 - control ; T2 - peaches immersed in 0,06% benomyl water solution ; T3 - peaches exposed to UV-C light (3,71kj. m -2) for 10 minutes ; and T4 - peaches exposed for 30 minutes to the UV-C light (11,15kj. m 2). The experiment a 2x4 factorial arrangementa in design was a complete randomized with three replications of ten peaches per plot. The variables evaluated were: total soluble solids (TSS); total titrable acidity (TTA); pH; firmness and incidence of rots. The pH of the peaches did not change during 4 or 8 days they remained at room temperature. The level of TSS and TTA was changed at 4th day, but only the firmness of the fruit had significant differences between treatments at the 8th day at room conditions. The peaches of T2 and T4 treatments had the least incidence of rots. It was concluded that the changes in TSS, TTA, pH and firmness, after 4 and 8 root condition (26oC and 75-80% RH) due to treatments did not affect the final quality of peaches. The UV-C, 254nm light treatment for thirty minutes controls rot incidence up to 100% after 4 and 8 days in preservation at root condition.

Oxicenus maxwelli (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) danificando a cultura da oliveira, Olea europaea L., no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

O micro acaro da oliveira Oxicenus maxwelli (Keifer, 1939) foi identificado em pomares de oliveira nos municipios de Santana do Livramento, Bage, Candiota, Pelotas e Rio Grande, RS, nos meses de novembro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. A especie foi encontrada nas faces superior e inferior de folhas jovens, em flores e brotos, onde causa deformacoes, queda de folhas e flores, diminuicao da fotossintese e superbrotacao, prejudicando a producao da planta e a comercializacao dos frutos deformados. Este e o primeiro registro da especie atacando a oliveira no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

Modificação da atmosfera na qualidade pós-colheita de ameixas cv. Reubennel

Plums quickly loose postharvest quality, which makes imperative to optimize harvest and storage conditions. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of various atmosphere modifiers on the postharvest quality of cold storage plums, cv. Reubennel. Semi-mature fruits were stored under the following atmosphere modifiers conditions: polyethylene films 12,5 or 15µm of thickness; or carnauba wax. After submitted to these conditions the fruits were stored for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days in a cold room at 0oC and 90-95% RH. Three days after taken out from the cold storage, the fruits were evaluated about: weight loss; color; firmness; pH; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); SS/TA ratio; incidence of rotten and/or internal browning and sensorial characteristics. The use of carnauba wax GARFRESH N (BL9,5) and polyethylene films 12,5 and 15µm reduced weight loss of cold storage plums cultivar Reubennel, but did not appropriately modify fruit atmosphere. Plums cv. Reubennel during cold storage for 30 days at 0oC preserved the quality.