Erliza Hambali

Formulation and performance test of palm-based foaming agent concentrate for fire extinguisher application

The utilization of foaming agent for fire extinguisher application improves the efficiency of water as a fire extinguishing agent, lowers surface tension, and acts as a foaming agent. The formed foam cools the fire down and covers the burned material to avoid it from further contact with oxygen which may reignite the fire. This study aimed to produce and assess the performance of foaming agent concentrate from palm oil as a fire extinguisher agent. In the performance test, measurements were taken on foam stability, foaming ability, surface tension, interfacial tension, viscosity, contact angle, density, and specific gravity. The formulation was conducted by using the best produced potassium palmitate, potassium methyl ester, and sodium lauric combined with diluents, chelating agent, and other additives at various composition comparisons. The produced foaming agent concentrate was found to be in a rather paste and liquid form with viscosity of 2.34 – 253 cP. It was also found that the resulted foaming agent concentrate dissolved in water at the concentration rate of 1% had a foam stability level of 30-91%, foaming ability of 288 – 503%, surface tension of 19.68 – 25.05 dyne/cm, interfacial tension of 0.54 – 4,20 dyne/cm, viscosity of 1.00 – 1.05 cP, contact angles of 53.75 – 63.79° at 0 minute and 11.84 – 22.42 ° at minute 10, density of 0.99586 – 0.99612 g/cm3, and a specific gravity of 1.00021 – 1.00046. Based on foam stability, foaming ability, and surface tension parameters, it was concluded that NF5 and NF17 were the best formulas.Compared to the other formulas, NF5 formula had the best droplet diameter (minimum 0.14 mm) and droplet density (maximum 3056 droplets/cm2).

ESTERIFIKASI GLISEROL DAN ASAM LEMAK JENUH SAWIT DENGAN KATALIS MESA

The use of an antimicrobial edible coating is a technique that can be developed and applied to keep the quality and extend the shelf life of products, such as candied cherry tomato. This study purposed to get processing technology candied cherry tomatoes, to formulate edible coating with cinnamon oil as an antimicrobial, and to analyse the effect of edible coating to changes in the quality of candied cherry tomatoes during the storage process. The stages of this research were the production process of candied cherry tomatoes, which consisted of determining treatment cherry tomatoesas a whole and sliced cross, a combination of sugar concentration and immersion time in a sugar solution, and determination of drying time candied cherry tomatoes. The next steps were manufacturing and characterization of antimicrobial edible coating, and then application of antimicrobial edible coating during 12 weeks of storage. Based on the results, the best treatment processing of candied cherry tomatoes was a cherry tomato with an intact form and had 40-55-70% graded sugar concentration during 12 hours immersion time, and at 33 hours drying time. Moreover, resulted fromedible coating formula was tapioca starch, CMC, glycerol, stearic acid and cinnamon oil with percentages of 3.0%, 0.4%, 5.0%, 0.5%, and 0.6%, respectively. During storage, lowest secondary and tertiary bound water capacity on candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating that was Ms of 25.32%, awsof 0.58 and Mt of 42.11%. Likewise, the lowest rate of microbial growth was from candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating. Keywords: antimicrobial, bound water capacity, candied cherry tomato, cinnamon oil, edible coatingPartial oxidation pretreatment on sorghum straw using a consortium of microorganisms EM4 was done before used as raw material for production of biogas. Biogas production was performed by co-digestion method using sludge of waste water treatment plant. This research aimed to study the effect of sorghum straw and sludge ratio to the production of biogas by co-digestion method. Partial hydrolysis pretreatment using concentrations of EM4 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%. Pretreatment parameter measured was chemical oxygen demand dissolved (COD). The result of sorghum straw pretreatment was used as raw material for biogas production. Co-digestion method of sorghum straw and sludge was carried out by ratio variation of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, and 65:35 (w/w). Parameters measured were cumulative biogas production (L/kg VS) and the composition of the biogas (CH4 and CO2). Results of partial oxidation pretreatment showed that the higher concentration of EM4 affected in higher levels of dissolved COD. Biogas production results by this pretreatment showed that the higher concentrations of EM4, the shorter adaptation phase of anaerobic microorganisms and higher production of biogas. The highest biogas production by co-digestion method was 371 L/kgVS, achieved by ratio of sorghum straw to sludge of 75:25 (w/w) in 65 days of fermentation. By using co-digestion method, biogas production increased 245-293%. From the results of this research note that biogas production on a pilot scale 25 L was lower than Erlenmeyer digester 0.5 L.Composition of biogas consisted of CH4 : CO2 76:26 and biogas was flammable. Keywords: sorghum straw, EM4, sludge, co-digestion, biogasCurrent technology for biodiesel production is a transesterification process of vegetable oil with metanol in batch system with the help of catalyst. The technology faces many disadvantageous for large scale, such as the requirement for rigorous stirring and purification of the product from the catalyst. Previous study showed that utilization of static mixing reactor can enhance the reaction rate and reduce the requirement of catalyst and can be operated continuously. The objective of this study was to examine the role of static mixer in reducing the catalyst requirement for the transesterification process of biodiesel production in continuous mode. Palm oleinwas used as feedstock for the transesterification process with 1:6 of mole ratio to metanol at 65oC reaction temperature. Catalyst used for the experiment was KOH with variations of 0.3% and 0.5% to the oil fed into the reactor and the numbers of static mixer modules were varied (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 modules) to evaluate their effects to the required catalyst. As expected, the experimental results confirmed a higher conversion of the reactionby the increasing number of the static mixer modules at a specific catalyst percentage. Highest conversions obtained with 5 moduleswere 92.5% (w/w) and 88.9% (w/w), for 0.3% and 0.5% of catalyst, respectively. Analysis to the experimental results showed that 0.1% of catalyst could be replaced by the addition of 0.9 modules of static mixer, which was equivalent to 58.1 cm length ofthe used static mixer configuration. Keywords:continuous mode of transesterification, static mixing module, catalyst reduction

KINERJA MEDIA PEMBAWA UNTUK SURFAKTAN MES DARI MINYAK SAWIT UNTUK PENERAPANNYA PADA OIL WELL BORE CLEANING

The use of an antimicrobial edible coating is a technique that can be developed and applied to keep the quality and extend the shelf life of products, such as candied cherry tomato. This study purposed to get processing technology candied cherry tomatoes, to formulate edible coating with cinnamon oil as an antimicrobial, and to analyse the effect of edible coating to changes in the quality of candied cherry tomatoes during the storage process. The stages of this research were the production process of candied cherry tomatoes, which consisted of determining treatment cherry tomatoesas a whole and sliced cross, a combination of sugar concentration and immersion time in a sugar solution, and determination of drying time candied cherry tomatoes. The next steps were manufacturing and characterization of antimicrobial edible coating, and then application of antimicrobial edible coating during 12 weeks of storage. Based on the results, the best treatment processing of candied cherry tomatoes was a cherry tomato with an intact form and had 40-55-70% graded sugar concentration during 12 hours immersion time, and at 33 hours drying time. Moreover, resulted fromedible coating formula was tapioca starch, CMC, glycerol, stearic acid and cinnamon oil with percentages of 3.0%, 0.4%, 5.0%, 0.5%, and 0.6%, respectively. During storage, lowest secondary and tertiary bound water capacity on candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating that was Ms of 25.32%, awsof 0.58 and Mt of 42.11%. Likewise, the lowest rate of microbial growth was from candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating. Keywords: antimicrobial, bound water capacity, candied cherry tomato, cinnamon oil, edible coatingPartial oxidation pretreatment on sorghum straw using a consortium of microorganisms EM4 was done before used as raw material for production of biogas. Biogas production was performed by co-digestion method using sludge of waste water treatment plant. This research aimed to study the effect of sorghum straw and sludge ratio to the production of biogas by co-digestion method. Partial hydrolysis pretreatment using concentrations of EM4 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%. Pretreatment parameter measured was chemical oxygen demand dissolved (COD). The result of sorghum straw pretreatment was used as raw material for biogas production. Co-digestion method of sorghum straw and sludge was carried out by ratio variation of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, and 65:35 (w/w). Parameters measured were cumulative biogas production (L/kg VS) and the composition of the biogas (CH4 and CO2). Results of partial oxidation pretreatment showed that the higher concentration of EM4 affected in higher levels of dissolved COD. Biogas production results by this pretreatment showed that the higher concentrations of EM4, the shorter adaptation phase of anaerobic microorganisms and higher production of biogas. The highest biogas production by co-digestion method was 371 L/kgVS, achieved by ratio of sorghum straw to sludge of 75:25 (w/w) in 65 days of fermentation. By using co-digestion method, biogas production increased 245-293%. From the results of this research note that biogas production on a pilot scale 25 L was lower than Erlenmeyer digester 0.5 L.Composition of biogas consisted of CH4 : CO2 76:26 and biogas was flammable. Keywords: sorghum straw, EM4, sludge, co-digestion, biogasCurrent technology for biodiesel production is a transesterification process of vegetable oil with metanol in batch system with the help of catalyst. The technology faces many disadvantageous for large scale, such as the requirement for rigorous stirring and purification of the product from the catalyst. Previous study showed that utilization of static mixing reactor can enhance the reaction rate and reduce the requirement of catalyst and can be operated continuously. The objective of this study was to examine the role of static mixer in reducing the catalyst requirement for the transesterification process of biodiesel production in continuous mode. Palm oleinwas used as feedstock for the transesterification process with 1:6 of mole ratio to metanol at 65oC reaction temperature. Catalyst used for the experiment was KOH with variations of 0.3% and 0.5% to the oil fed into the reactor and the numbers of static mixer modules were varied (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 modules) to evaluate their effects to the required catalyst. As expected, the experimental results confirmed a higher conversion of the reactionby the increasing number of the static mixer modules at a specific catalyst percentage. Highest conversions obtained with 5 moduleswere 92.5% (w/w) and 88.9% (w/w), for 0.3% and 0.5% of catalyst, respectively. Analysis to the experimental results showed that 0.1% of catalyst could be replaced by the addition of 0.9 modules of static mixer, which was equivalent to 58.1 cm length ofthe used static mixer configuration. Keywords:continuous mode of transesterification, static mixing module, catalyst reduction

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF GLYCEROL ESTER USAGE AS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EMULSIFIER ON OIL BASED MUD FORMULATION.

Vonny Indah Sari 1 , Erliza Hambali 1,2 , Ani Suryani 1,2 , Pudji Permadi 2,3 . 1. Post Graduate Program of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia. 2. Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center, LPPM-IPB, Padjajaran Street, Bogor 16153, Indonesia. 3. Program Study of Oil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Esterification Reaction of Glycerol and Palm Oil Oleic Acid Using Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid Catalyst as Drilling Fluid Formulation

Esterification reaction between glycerol with palm oil oleic acid to produce glycerol ester and one of the utilization of glycerol esters is as ingredients of drilling fluids formula for oil drilling needs. The purpose of this research is to get the best conditions of the esterification process. The esterification reaction does with the reactants is glycerol with purity of 97.6%, palm oil oleic acid with the molar ratio is 1:1, Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid (MESA) catalyst 0.5%, and stirring speed 400 rpm. The temperature range of 180°C to 240°C and the processing time between 120 to 180 minutes. The results showed that the best conditions of the esterification reaction at the temperature 240°C and time process are 180 minute. The increasing temperature resulted that the acid number decreases and causing the conversion increased. The maximum conversion is 99.24%, density 0.93 g/cm3, flash point 241°C, pour point -3°C, the boiling point of 244 °C, the acid value of 1.90 mg KOH/g sample, kinematic viscosity 31.51 cSt (40°C), surface tension 37.0526 dyne/cm and GCMS identification, glycerol ester at 22,256 retention time (minutes) and wide area 73.75 (%). From the research results obtained glycerol ester with characteristics suitable for drilling fluid formulations.

Synthesis of palm oil fatty acid as foaming agent for firefighting application

Many factors including natural factor, human carelessness, new land clearance or agricultural burning/act of vandalism and ground fire are suspected as the causes of forest fire. Foam, which cools the fire down, covers the burning material/fuel, and avoids contact between burning materials with oxygen, is an effective material used to fight large-scale fires. For this purpose, surfactant which can facilitate foam formation and inhibit the spread of smoke is required. This study was aimed at producing prototype product of foaming agent from palm oil and its formulation as a fire fighting material. Before the formulation stage, the foaming agent was resulted from saponification process of oleic, lauric, and palmitic acids by using NaOH and KOH alkaline. Foam stability was used as the main indicator of foaming agent. Results showed that potassium palmitate had the highest foam stability of 82% until the 3rd day. The best potassium palmitate concentration was 7%.

Palm oil based surfactant products for petroleum industry

In petroleum production process, many problems causing reduced production are found. These include limited oil recovery, wax deposit, asphaltene deposit, sludge deposit, and emulsion problem. Petroleum-based surfactant has been used to overcome these problems. Therefore, innovation to solve these problems using surfactant containing natural materials deserves to be developed. Palm oil-based surfactant is one of the potential alternatives for this. Various types of derivative products of palm oil-based surfactant have been developed by SBRC IPB to be used in handling problems including surfactant flooding, well stimulation, asphaltene dissolver, well cleaning, and wax removal found in oil and gas industry.

STUDI PERBANDINGAN PRODUK INSEKTISIDA FORMULASI EC (EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN SURFAKTAN DIETANOLAMIDA MENGGUNAKAN VORTEX, MIXER DAN HOMOGENIZER

The use of an antimicrobial edible coating is a technique that can be developed and applied to keep the quality and extend the shelf life of products, such as candied cherry tomato. This study purposed to get processing technology candied cherry tomatoes, to formulate edible coating with cinnamon oil as an antimicrobial, and to analyse the effect of edible coating to changes in the quality of candied cherry tomatoes during the storage process. The stages of this research were the production process of candied cherry tomatoes, which consisted of determining treatment cherry tomatoesas a whole and sliced cross, a combination of sugar concentration and immersion time in a sugar solution, and determination of drying time candied cherry tomatoes. The next steps were manufacturing and characterization of antimicrobial edible coating, and then application of antimicrobial edible coating during 12 weeks of storage. Based on the results, the best treatment processing of candied cherry tomatoes was a cherry tomato with an intact form and had 40-55-70% graded sugar concentration during 12 hours immersion time, and at 33 hours drying time. Moreover, resulted fromedible coating formula was tapioca starch, CMC, glycerol, stearic acid and cinnamon oil with percentages of 3.0%, 0.4%, 5.0%, 0.5%, and 0.6%, respectively. During storage, lowest secondary and tertiary bound water capacity on candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating that was Ms of 25.32%, awsof 0.58 and Mt of 42.11%. Likewise, the lowest rate of microbial growth was from candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating. Keywords: antimicrobial, bound water capacity, candied cherry tomato, cinnamon oil, edible coatingPartial oxidation pretreatment on sorghum straw using a consortium of microorganisms EM4 was done before used as raw material for production of biogas. Biogas production was performed by co-digestion method using sludge of waste water treatment plant. This research aimed to study the effect of sorghum straw and sludge ratio to the production of biogas by co-digestion method. Partial hydrolysis pretreatment using concentrations of EM4 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%. Pretreatment parameter measured was chemical oxygen demand dissolved (COD). The result of sorghum straw pretreatment was used as raw material for biogas production. Co-digestion method of sorghum straw and sludge was carried out by ratio variation of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, and 65:35 (w/w). Parameters measured were cumulative biogas production (L/kg VS) and the composition of the biogas (CH4 and CO2). Results of partial oxidation pretreatment showed that the higher concentration of EM4 affected in higher levels of dissolved COD. Biogas production results by this pretreatment showed that the higher concentrations of EM4, the shorter adaptation phase of anaerobic microorganisms and higher production of biogas. The highest biogas production by co-digestion method was 371 L/kgVS, achieved by ratio of sorghum straw to sludge of 75:25 (w/w) in 65 days of fermentation. By using co-digestion method, biogas production increased 245-293%. From the results of this research note that biogas production on a pilot scale 25 L was lower than Erlenmeyer digester 0.5 L.Composition of biogas consisted of CH4 : CO2 76:26 and biogas was flammable. Keywords: sorghum straw, EM4, sludge, co-digestion, biogasCurrent technology for biodiesel production is a transesterification process of vegetable oil with metanol in batch system with the help of catalyst. The technology faces many disadvantageous for large scale, such as the requirement for rigorous stirring and purification of the product from the catalyst. Previous study showed that utilization of static mixing reactor can enhance the reaction rate and reduce the requirement of catalyst and can be operated continuously. The objective of this study was to examine the role of static mixer in reducing the catalyst requirement for the transesterification process of biodiesel production in continuous mode. Palm oleinwas used as feedstock for the transesterification process with 1:6 of mole ratio to metanol at 65oC reaction temperature. Catalyst used for the experiment was KOH with variations of 0.3% and 0.5% to the oil fed into the reactor and the numbers of static mixer modules were varied (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 modules) to evaluate their effects to the required catalyst. As expected, the experimental results confirmed a higher conversion of the reactionby the increasing number of the static mixer modules at a specific catalyst percentage. Highest conversions obtained with 5 moduleswere 92.5% (w/w) and 88.9% (w/w), for 0.3% and 0.5% of catalyst, respectively. Analysis to the experimental results showed that 0.1% of catalyst could be replaced by the addition of 0.9 modules of static mixer, which was equivalent to 58.1 cm length ofthe used static mixer configuration. Keywords:continuous mode of transesterification, static mixing module, catalyst reduction

The Design of Net Energy Balance Optimization Model for Crude Palm Oil Production

Net energy balance (NEB) is the second important indicator following green house gases in developing a sustainable biodiesel industry. The extent of the production chain and various ways to reduce the use of fossil fuels, increase the complexity of finding an optimal NEB value of the industry. The main objective of this study was to design an NEB optimization model, which was supported by genetic algorithm (GA). The model was applied in a crude palm oil (CPO) industry that produces raw material for biodiesel which is located in North Sumatra province. The model was solved by using an optimization computer software package. The results showed that the NEB value was better than the previous one. The model was also able to provide biomass usage composition to achieve the optimal NEB value, and the unit processes that need to be improved.