Ani Suryani

Optimization process of glycerol esterification using real time adaptive control

The synthesis reaction used in esterification needs high energy consumption and a precise processing time to get the best yield of target. In this study, a model was formulated to optimize glycerol esterification process by minimizing the time needed for the process and maximizing the yield of Mono-glycerides. This optimization has gained importance for boosting the esterification industry and improving the production efficiency. Optimization through adaptive monitoring and control has provided significant advances in the process efficiency, a lower energy consumption and a better product quality. This paper presents the optimization with a computational algorithm in real time and adaptive control (RTAC), as compared to the conventional (traditional) methods to monitor and control of glycerol esterification processes. The identification of esterification status based on temperature and time are evaluated to strengthen the optimization. An adaptive method as feature selection to select wavelength IR sensors at specified intervals was carried out with Relief algorithm and Adaptive Pillar K-means clustering method to set the parameter control was proposed in this paper. Many combinations were evaluated from real time condition process, to achieve the best optimization results. The experimental results demonstrate that real time adaptive control can be achieved by using three clusters, which are heating up, stabilizing and finishing. In RTAC, each cluster has its own parameter to set the control point by the servo motor that was attached to magnetic stirrer-heater. By using optimization parameter for each cluster, esterification process time can be shortened by 15-20 minutes with a higher yield (7% or more), lower range stirrer rotation (300rpm-450 rpm) and a lower final temperature of 200°C-210°C.

Formulation and performance test of palm-based foaming agent concentrate for fire extinguisher application

The utilization of foaming agent for fire extinguisher application improves the efficiency of water as a fire extinguishing agent, lowers surface tension, and acts as a foaming agent. The formed foam cools the fire down and covers the burned material to avoid it from further contact with oxygen which may reignite the fire. This study aimed to produce and assess the performance of foaming agent concentrate from palm oil as a fire extinguisher agent. In the performance test, measurements were taken on foam stability, foaming ability, surface tension, interfacial tension, viscosity, contact angle, density, and specific gravity. The formulation was conducted by using the best produced potassium palmitate, potassium methyl ester, and sodium lauric combined with diluents, chelating agent, and other additives at various composition comparisons. The produced foaming agent concentrate was found to be in a rather paste and liquid form with viscosity of 2.34 – 253 cP. It was also found that the resulted foaming agent concentrate dissolved in water at the concentration rate of 1% had a foam stability level of 30-91%, foaming ability of 288 – 503%, surface tension of 19.68 – 25.05 dyne/cm, interfacial tension of 0.54 – 4,20 dyne/cm, viscosity of 1.00 – 1.05 cP, contact angles of 53.75 – 63.79° at 0 minute and 11.84 – 22.42 ° at minute 10, density of 0.99586 – 0.99612 g/cm3, and a specific gravity of 1.00021 – 1.00046. Based on foam stability, foaming ability, and surface tension parameters, it was concluded that NF5 and NF17 were the best formulas.Compared to the other formulas, NF5 formula had the best droplet diameter (minimum 0.14 mm) and droplet density (maximum 3056 droplets/cm2).

Isolation, Characterization, and Production of Lipase from Indigenous Fungal for Enzymatic Interesterification Process

To evaluate the activity of purified oligosaccharides (POS) as prebiotic from various different local bananas ( Musa sp.); Tanduk (T), Uli (U), Raja Sereh (RS), and Cavendish (C); and to investigate their capacity in promoting the growth of Lactobacillus sp., in vivo. In vitro investigation: Oligosaccharides from various different local bananas were purified by 80% ethanol extraction. Subsequently, absolute ethanol was reconstituted before precipitation/centrifugation for glucose removal. Water was also removed by freeze drying. POS from the four bananas were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Prebiotic activity of POS was investigated by measurement of Prebiotic Activity Score (PAS). In vivo investigation: Balb/c mice were grouped into 6 groups with different prebiotics supplementation: negative control (4 mice, standard feed), positive control (6 mice, 15 mg of inulin/g/day), and samples (5 mice, 150 mg of T, U, RS, or C banana/g/day) for 40 days. Following 40 days after treatment, fecal viable counts of Lactobacillus sp. and Enterobacteriaceae of Balb/c mice was measured (CFU/g) and analysed. PAS value revealed a positive correlation between the oligosaccharides from bananas and Lactobacillus paracasei , with PAS value for T (0.05), RS (0.15), U (0.33) and C (0.77). Overall data suggest that fecal viable counts of Lactobacillus sp. increased after 25 days administration of U, RS, and C banana when compared to controls. Contrastingly, the fecal viable counts of Enterobacteriaceae decreased after 40 days administration of U, RS, and C banana compared to the control. Different types of local bananas demonstrate diverse prebiotic activities: U and C promote Lactobacillus sp. growth and reduce Enterobacteriaceae count. PAS value of U and C suggest potential prebiotic activity, whereas T and RS do not.

Morphological Diversity of Fruits, Seeds and Seedlings of Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre) in Java Island

Pongamia ( Pongamia pinnata ( L. ) Pierre ) is one of a potential tree species to produce biodiesel. Pongamia-based biodiesel development program is still constrained by the availability of quality and quantity seeds due to the limited of seed sources. The purpose of this research was to identify the morphological diversity of fruits, seeds and seedlings from 5 populations in Java Island. Randomized completely design and randomized block design were used to assess the difference of fruits, seeds and seedlings morphological characteristics among populations. Principal component and hierarchy cluster analysis were used to explain variation pattern among populations. The results showed that the difference of populations was significantly affected by the difference of fruits, seeds, and seedlings morphology of pongamia. Seeds from Carita population showed good quality seed indicators with moisture content of 19.31%, and germination capacity of 74.50%. Sturdiness quotient of the seedling was 10.78. Contribution of genetic factor was higher than environtment factor is relation to the differences of morphological characteristics of fruits, seeds and seedlings of pongamia. Morphological character of the five populations can be divided into 3 groups, i.e. the first group of Batukaras and Kebumen, second group of Alas Purwo and Baluran, and group 3 was Carita.

KINERJA MEDIA PEMBAWA UNTUK SURFAKTAN MES DARI MINYAK SAWIT UNTUK PENERAPANNYA PADA OIL WELL BORE CLEANING

The use of an antimicrobial edible coating is a technique that can be developed and applied to keep the quality and extend the shelf life of products, such as candied cherry tomato. This study purposed to get processing technology candied cherry tomatoes, to formulate edible coating with cinnamon oil as an antimicrobial, and to analyse the effect of edible coating to changes in the quality of candied cherry tomatoes during the storage process. The stages of this research were the production process of candied cherry tomatoes, which consisted of determining treatment cherry tomatoesas a whole and sliced cross, a combination of sugar concentration and immersion time in a sugar solution, and determination of drying time candied cherry tomatoes. The next steps were manufacturing and characterization of antimicrobial edible coating, and then application of antimicrobial edible coating during 12 weeks of storage. Based on the results, the best treatment processing of candied cherry tomatoes was a cherry tomato with an intact form and had 40-55-70% graded sugar concentration during 12 hours immersion time, and at 33 hours drying time. Moreover, resulted fromedible coating formula was tapioca starch, CMC, glycerol, stearic acid and cinnamon oil with percentages of 3.0%, 0.4%, 5.0%, 0.5%, and 0.6%, respectively. During storage, lowest secondary and tertiary bound water capacity on candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating that was Ms of 25.32%, awsof 0.58 and Mt of 42.11%. Likewise, the lowest rate of microbial growth was from candied cherry tomatoes with an antimicrobial edible coating. Keywords: antimicrobial, bound water capacity, candied cherry tomato, cinnamon oil, edible coatingPartial oxidation pretreatment on sorghum straw using a consortium of microorganisms EM4 was done before used as raw material for production of biogas. Biogas production was performed by co-digestion method using sludge of waste water treatment plant. This research aimed to study the effect of sorghum straw and sludge ratio to the production of biogas by co-digestion method. Partial hydrolysis pretreatment using concentrations of EM4 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%. Pretreatment parameter measured was chemical oxygen demand dissolved (COD). The result of sorghum straw pretreatment was used as raw material for biogas production. Co-digestion method of sorghum straw and sludge was carried out by ratio variation of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, and 65:35 (w/w). Parameters measured were cumulative biogas production (L/kg VS) and the composition of the biogas (CH4 and CO2). Results of partial oxidation pretreatment showed that the higher concentration of EM4 affected in higher levels of dissolved COD. Biogas production results by this pretreatment showed that the higher concentrations of EM4, the shorter adaptation phase of anaerobic microorganisms and higher production of biogas. The highest biogas production by co-digestion method was 371 L/kgVS, achieved by ratio of sorghum straw to sludge of 75:25 (w/w) in 65 days of fermentation. By using co-digestion method, biogas production increased 245-293%. From the results of this research note that biogas production on a pilot scale 25 L was lower than Erlenmeyer digester 0.5 L.Composition of biogas consisted of CH4 : CO2 76:26 and biogas was flammable. Keywords: sorghum straw, EM4, sludge, co-digestion, biogasCurrent technology for biodiesel production is a transesterification process of vegetable oil with metanol in batch system with the help of catalyst. The technology faces many disadvantageous for large scale, such as the requirement for rigorous stirring and purification of the product from the catalyst. Previous study showed that utilization of static mixing reactor can enhance the reaction rate and reduce the requirement of catalyst and can be operated continuously. The objective of this study was to examine the role of static mixer in reducing the catalyst requirement for the transesterification process of biodiesel production in continuous mode. Palm oleinwas used as feedstock for the transesterification process with 1:6 of mole ratio to metanol at 65oC reaction temperature. Catalyst used for the experiment was KOH with variations of 0.3% and 0.5% to the oil fed into the reactor and the numbers of static mixer modules were varied (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 modules) to evaluate their effects to the required catalyst. As expected, the experimental results confirmed a higher conversion of the reactionby the increasing number of the static mixer modules at a specific catalyst percentage. Highest conversions obtained with 5 moduleswere 92.5% (w/w) and 88.9% (w/w), for 0.3% and 0.5% of catalyst, respectively. Analysis to the experimental results showed that 0.1% of catalyst could be replaced by the addition of 0.9 modules of static mixer, which was equivalent to 58.1 cm length ofthe used static mixer configuration. Keywords:continuous mode of transesterification, static mixing module, catalyst reduction

SINTESIS SURFAKTAN DIETANOLAMIDA (DEA) DARI METIL ESTER OLEIN SAWIT MENGGUNAKAN REAKTOR 25 LITER

Synthesis of diethanolamide (DEA) surfactant from palm olein methyl esters has the potential to commercialization. This surfactant product can reduce surface water tension from 72 dyne/cm to 33.82-32.06 dyne/cm in laboratory scale and the synthesis process was 50% cheaper than palm kernel fatty acids. So that, it is necessary to review the surfactant DEA production from palm olein methyl esters. The purpose of this research was to get the best synthesis process of DEA surfactant on 25 L/batch reactor. The synthesis process of DEA surfactants was divided into two stages. The first stage was conducted to determine duration and stirring rate of the DEA surfactant synthesis process. Then the best result in this first stage was continued in the second stage of the synthesis. The second stage was conducted by using an installed bulkhead in the reactor and some agitators for the DEA surfactant synthesis process. The lowest value of surface tension was the main parameter that was used for determining the best synthesis of DEA surfactant. Based on the first stage results, it was known that the best synthesis process was 4 hours with 100 rpm stirring rate. In the second stage, it was concluded that the best type of agitator was propeller. The best surface tension of DEA surfactant resulting from this research was 14.28 dyne / cm. The other parameters produced from the synthesis process were yield of 95.24%, viscosity of 245.41 cP, density of 0.973 g/mL, and pH of 11.1. Key words : DEA surfactant, diethanolamide, surface tension, synthesis process

Real-time optimization using gradient adaptive selection and classification from infrared sensors measurement for esterification oleic acid with glycerol

Purpose The production of glycerol derivatives by the esterification process is subject to many constraints related to the yield of the production target and the lack of process efficiency. An accurate monitoring and controlling of the process can improve production yield and efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to propose a real-time optimization (RTO) using gradient adaptive selection and classification from infrared sensor measurement to cover various disturbances and uncertainties in the reactor. Design/methodology/approach The integration of the esterification process optimization using self-optimization (SO) was developed with classification process was combined with necessary condition optimum (NCO) as gradient adaptive selection, supported with laboratory scaled medium wavelength infrared (mid-IR) sensors, and measured the proposed optimization system indicator in the batch process. Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN 2.0) was built to describe the tasks of SO workflow in collaboration with NCO as an abstraction for the conceptual phase. Next, Stateflow modeling was deployed to simulate the three states of gradient-based adaptive control combined with support vector machine (SVM) classification and Arduino microcontroller for implementation. Findings This new method shows that the real-time optimization responsiveness of control increased product yield up to 13 percent, lower error measurement with percentage error 1.11 percent, reduced the process duration up to 22 minutes, with an effective range of stirrer rotation set between 300 and 400 rpm and final temperature between 200 and 210°C which was more efficient, as it consumed less energy. Research limitations/implications In this research the authors just have an experiment for the esterification process using glycerol, but as a development concept of RTO, it would be possible to apply for another chemical reaction or system. Practical implications This research introduces new development of an RTO approach to optimal control and as such marks the starting point for more research of its properties. As the methodology is generic, it can be applied to different optimization problems for a batch system in chemical industries. Originality/value The paper presented is original as it presents the first application of adaptive selection based on the gradient value of mid-IR sensor data, applied to the real-time determining control state by classification with the SVM algorithm for esterification process control to increase the efficiency.

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF GLYCEROL ESTER USAGE AS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EMULSIFIER ON OIL BASED MUD FORMULATION.

Vonny Indah Sari 1 , Erliza Hambali 1,2 , Ani Suryani 1,2 , Pudji Permadi 2,3 . 1. Post Graduate Program of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia. 2. Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center, LPPM-IPB, Padjajaran Street, Bogor 16153, Indonesia. 3. Program Study of Oil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Esterification Reaction of Glycerol and Palm Oil Oleic Acid Using Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid Catalyst as Drilling Fluid Formulation

Esterification reaction between glycerol with palm oil oleic acid to produce glycerol ester and one of the utilization of glycerol esters is as ingredients of drilling fluids formula for oil drilling needs. The purpose of this research is to get the best conditions of the esterification process. The esterification reaction does with the reactants is glycerol with purity of 97.6%, palm oil oleic acid with the molar ratio is 1:1, Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid (MESA) catalyst 0.5%, and stirring speed 400 rpm. The temperature range of 180°C to 240°C and the processing time between 120 to 180 minutes. The results showed that the best conditions of the esterification reaction at the temperature 240°C and time process are 180 minute. The increasing temperature resulted that the acid number decreases and causing the conversion increased. The maximum conversion is 99.24%, density 0.93 g/cm3, flash point 241°C, pour point -3°C, the boiling point of 244 °C, the acid value of 1.90 mg KOH/g sample, kinematic viscosity 31.51 cSt (40°C), surface tension 37.0526 dyne/cm and GCMS identification, glycerol ester at 22,256 retention time (minutes) and wide area 73.75 (%). From the research results obtained glycerol ester with characteristics suitable for drilling fluid formulations.

Synthesis of palm oil fatty acid as foaming agent for firefighting application

Many factors including natural factor, human carelessness, new land clearance or agricultural burning/act of vandalism and ground fire are suspected as the causes of forest fire. Foam, which cools the fire down, covers the burning material/fuel, and avoids contact between burning materials with oxygen, is an effective material used to fight large-scale fires. For this purpose, surfactant which can facilitate foam formation and inhibit the spread of smoke is required. This study was aimed at producing prototype product of foaming agent from palm oil and its formulation as a fire fighting material. Before the formulation stage, the foaming agent was resulted from saponification process of oleic, lauric, and palmitic acids by using NaOH and KOH alkaline. Foam stability was used as the main indicator of foaming agent. Results showed that potassium palmitate had the highest foam stability of 82% until the 3rd day. The best potassium palmitate concentration was 7%.