Erwin Jungherr
University of Connecticut
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | 1958
F. Duran-Reynals; Erwin Jungherr; Alberto Cuba‐Caparó; Keen A. Rafferty; Charles F. Helmboldt
With the discovery that certain tumors can be transmitted by means of cellfree extracts, interest naturally arose in possible comparisons between neoplastic viruses, on the one hand, and viruses of the traditional sort, on the other. As a consequence of this interest attention has been drawn to situations in which viruses of classic inflammatory disease can give rise to disease that is histologically neoplastic. For example, interest has revived in A. Borrel’s studies of sheep pox and of fowl pox.’ This investigator showed that the viruses of these diseases induced both necrotic and proliferative lesions and were, in fact, once designated as “contagious epithelioma.”’ E. Roux observed pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep infected with sheep pox virus,’ and papillomas have been observed a t the sites of the lesions of contagious pustular dermatitis in sheep3 Smallpox, cowpox, rabbit pox, mouse pox, and other members of the pox group of viruses also can show a proliferative phase, as well as the better-known necrotizing phase. Conversely, viruses that ordinarily cause tumor formation can produce inflammatory and necrotizing disease under certain Londitions : according to dosage, inoculation route, host age, and host resistance. F. Duran-Keynals has demonstrated the inflammatory character of the Shope fibroma virus in newborn rabbit^,^ and of the Rous sarcoma virus in young hicke ens.^ In some recent work, Duran-Reynals6 has shown that mice pretreated with methylLholanthrene and cortisone and then inoculated intradermally with vaccinia virus develop tumors rapidly in the sites of the healed vaccinia lesions. Although a t present it is not possible to say whether vaccinia participates directly in the formation of those neoplasms, it can be said a t least that the vaccinia lesion appears to be an optimal ground for the development of malignancy. A second important question for students of neoplasia is the role of viruses in the production of tumors in general. From observations made by many * The work reported in this paper was suypurLed in part by the American Canccr Sot Deceased. cicty, Inc., New York, N. Y .
Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1959
Jen Hwang; R. E. Luginbuhl; Erwin Jungherr
Summary Virus synthesis, cytopathogenicity, and modification of virulence for chicks, of AEV in chick kidney cell culture after 10 serial passages, have been described. The cell culture virus has been identified by histopathologic changes in inoculated chicks and virus neutralization tests in a cell culture system. The possible application of the findings are discussed.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | 2006
Erwin Jungherr
The basic pathological responses of susceptible host tissue are an integral part of the over-all characterization of an infectious agent. With the recent advances in the cultural and serologic differentiation of avian pleuropneumonialike organisms (PPLO) by Yamamoto and Adler (1958a, b ) and Chu (1958), and in view of the impending designation of pathogenic species as Mycoplasma gallisepticum by Edward (1959), the definition of the basic pathological responses gains in both academic and practical importance. The available information pertains almost exclusively to known pathogenic strains, while further work is necessary to elucidate such potentialities of other recognized types. I t may be premature to assume a sharp split of avian PPLO into pathogenic and nonpathogenic species, especially since it is known that (1) the field syndrome of air-sac disease is often complicated by the interaction of several infectious agents; (2) experimentally induced infections do not present gross differential features; ( 3 ) clinically normal birds may present specific lesions on histopathological examination; (4) PPLO strains of known pathogenicity may lose this attribute after prolonged culture passage; and (5) flocks known to be PPLOfree usually fail to yield PPLO of any type. The pathological concept to be presented is based upon replicate (at least 3 times) histopathological examinations of chickens and chicken embryos inoculated with pathogenic, culture-propagated, hemagglutinating PPLO, and sacrificed a t 2to 3-day intervals postinoculation. All birds and embryos used for this purpose were obtained from parent stock known to be PPLO-free and maintained in isolation. Since pathogenic strains from different avian sources elicited similar basic responses in inoculated birds (Jungherr et al., 1954), the principal observations are presented with reference to organs or systems affected.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | 1949
Erwin Jungherr; J. D. Winn
’The advent of sulfa drugs provided the first specific treatment for coccidiosis in chickens. While its practical application in relatively large doses was usually successful, it was often followed by recurrence of outbreaks, probably because treatment with therapeutically adequate closes did not permit the establishment of a desirable premunity. These experiences led to the adoption of the now widely-used intermittent treatment’ for coccidiosis in chickens, which consisls of recurrent one-day treatments every fifth day, beginning with the appearance of the first clinical evidence of the disease. Although originally designed for broiler production, which is a highly competitive industry operating on a small profit per unit basis, it has the disadvantages that (a) the disease is treated after having become established in the flock; (b) the clinical onset of the disease is recognizable only in the case of Eimerin fevtella infection; (c) clinically affected birds are not susceptible to treatment and thereby are sacrificed; (d) it depends upon the degree of alertness of the poultry man; (e) it increases labor cost; and (f) it usually is accompanied by a set-back in the growth of the flock. Continuous treatment for the control of cecal and intestinal coccidiosis in chickens with 0.0125 per cent sulfaquinoxaline in all-mash rations was first reported by Grumbles el aL2 The birds were started in batteries and placed on medicated mash when transferred to floors a t the age of three weeks. Among 10,181 birds reared on “clean” litter, the mortality from coccidiosis was reported as 1.2 per cent, and among 9,261 on “dirty” litter, 0.84 per cent, in comparison with 17.43 per rent among .1085 control birds on “clean” litter. Further studies along this line seemed to be indicated to determine whether: (a) continuous sulfaquinoxaline* treatment is suitable for average Connecticut broiler management; (b) a level of 0.01 per cent, reported as nontoxic and apparently improving feed effi~iency,~ effectively checks coccidiosis; and (c) “claimed” amounts of sulfaquinoxaline in commerciallymixed rations can be checked by comparative laboratory assays.
Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1948
Vincent Groupé; John D. Winn; Erwin Jungherr
Summary An agent capable of producing clinical sinusitis in turkeys was isolated and propagated in the yolk sac of the developing chicken embryo. 2. Impression smears of infected yolk sacs stained by Machiavellos technic revealed morphologic forms closely resembling those found in the lymphogranuloma-psittaeosis group of agents (Chlamydozoaceae).
Science | 1959
J. Hwang; R. E. Luginbuhl; Erwin Jungherr
Chick kidney fragments were easily dispersed after incubation in trypsin solution for 1 hour at room temperature. The centrifuged cells were resuspended in Melnicks growth medium, diluted to 100 ml for each pair of kidneys, and seeded at 1 ml per tube. The cultures were maintained for 7 days or longer in the medium modified by replacing the serum with tryptose.
Poultry Science | 1955
E. P. Singsen; R. H. Bunnell; L. D. Matterson; Anna Kozeff; Erwin Jungherr
Avian Diseases | 1969
Erwin Jungherr
Poultry Science | 1955
R. H. Bunnell; L. D. Matterson; E. P. Singsen; L. M. Potter; Anna Kozeff; Erwin Jungherr
Avian Diseases | 1958
Theodore W. Chomiak; R. E. Luginbuhl; Erwin Jungherr