Esteban Inga

Scalable Route Map for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on Optimal Routing of Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

This article presents a scalable route map for the least cost deployment of wireless heterogeneous networks that support traffic from the advance metering infrastructure (AMI). We first explore the performance of a common scenario in which a single technology is employed to connect smart meters sending traffic to the utility. Based on simulations with actual city maps, we study the coverage provided to smart meters by an LTE cellular network. In order to improve the coverage, an optimization model that considers network capacity and range is proposed to determine the optimal location of base stations to achieve a target coverage of smart meters. According to these preliminary results with a single access technology, we propose an evolved network architecture that considers several alternatives of wireless heterogeneous networks to guarantee the coverage to smart meters with the least use of resources. We introduce a heuristic model that involves elements from base stations, universal data aggregation points, number of smart meters, and an optimal routing to achieve the desired connectivity from the group of smart meters. We employ geo-referenced models to consider actual characteristics of cities as well as geographical conditions. Results from the evolved model demonstrate that by combining technologies and employing data aggregation points with optimized localizations, the network is able to achieve a target coverage of smart meters with a reduced cost in terms of technological resources.

Matched Channel Allocation for Advanced Metering Infrastructure based on Cognitive Mobile Virtual Network Operator

This paper analyses a matched channel allocation algorithm for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Smart Grid (SG) with connectivity provided by a Cognitive Mobile Virtual Network Operator (C-MVNO). The proposed algorithm studies the behavior of secondary-spectrum channels assigned to the AMI using the cellular network. In this work, we consider the Smart Meter (SM) as a device-cell without mobility with capabilities of connecting and disconnecting the output electric power. According to the efficiency and reliability requirements of Smart Grid, we consider the spectrum reuse in the MVNO to avoid the need of deployment the communications infrastructure of the AMI from cero. Here, we optimize the dynamic channel assignment by taking advantage of white holes present in the spectrum using a cognitive radio. This work, articulates the coexistence of different types of uplink channels, such as random, reserved and fixed, and a strategic model with C-MVNO, MVNO, based on traditional cellular networks.

Optimal Planning for Deployment of FiWi Networks based on Hybrid Heuristic Process

The deploying of FiWi networks is a problem that occurs often in real situations and requires is simplified through optimal planning. For this work we considered a scenario of urban dwellings with smart meters (SM), devices that need to be managed from a central office (CO) of an electric utility, with a advanced metering infrastructure forming a neighborhood area network (NAN). Therefore, it has raised a heuristic process due to, the a combinatorial problem property. The Heuristics poses the optimum location of cellular base stations (BS) for obtain the wireless connectivity to each smart meter (SM) , the next stage propose the optimal location of a CO with optical fiber link between each BS, and include optical splitters that will be used for each section of fiber to achieve full connectivity of the BS and a the point of metropolitan area network (MAN) equivalent to central office of an electric utility with the minimum cost by optical fiber used.

Minimal Deployment and Routing Geographic of PMUs on Electrical Power System based on MST Algorithm

This paper presents an optimization model based on minimum spanning tree required to deploy phasor measurement units PMU throughout the power system. Each candidate site for a PMU is placed at random from geo-referenced form and possible links between each release candidate site; therefore. The proposed algorithm allows to optimize the connections between each of the PMUs through the minimum spanning tree. The optimum placement of each PMU will facilitate failure analysis power system with the minimum cost for resources used. The work presented is based on the concept of smart grids seeking efficiency and reliability of the power system.

Optimal scalability of fiwi networks based on multistage stochastic programming and policies

The large demand of bandwidth due to new and future applications from services being implemented such as smart grid (SG), smart cities (SC), and the Internet of Things has triggered a focus of interest from the scientific community on issues related to the planning and scalability of the communications infrastructure. In this paper, we present three new and important contributions regarding the deployment of FiWi networks that support users who benefit from the services provided by SG and SC. We first propose a planning model, and then formulate a mixed linear programming optimization model using multistage stochastic programming, and finally propose an algorithm, called MOA–FiWi, which has the capacity to handle medium and large instances of the problem and give feasible solutions for the optimization process, where scalability indices between 85%–95% are reached with respect to the projected stochastic values. The proposed model considers the scalability and capital and operating expense, as well as the uncertainty management in the different stages of time–space through multistage stochastic programming. The proposed model presents flexibility in decision making as the time stages progress. This allows for the planning of green fields, as well as the updating of networks that already have communication infrastructure.

Optimal geographical placement of phasor measurement units based on clustering techniques

In this paper, we propose an optimal deployment of phasor measurement units (PMUs), devices that allow the measurements of voltage and current parameters in electrical power systems (EPS). We assume a geo-referenced scenery and candidate places for the location of PMUs on each system node. We consider an optimization model to minimize the number of PMUs in the electrical system under a percentage of system observability. We use pseudo-optimal clustering techniques that allow us to contrast with the optimization model where the lowest number of PMUs are activated with the best system observability; therefore, through this research it is proposed an homogeneous group of EPS nodes, considering the minimum and maximum quantity of nodes that belong to the cluster-centroid; furthermore, we consider take the feasible and candidates system nodes, and the maximum link distance is proposed like a restriction, for the PMU placement on each system node, and it is determines which the observability percentage.

Fault Diagnosis on Electrical Distribution Systems Based on Fuzzy Logic

The occurrence of faults in distribution systems has a negative impact on society, and their effects can be reduced by fast and accurate diagnostic systems that allow to identify, locate, and correct the failures. Since the 1990s, fuzzy logic and other artificial intelligence techniques have been implemented to identify faults in distribution systems. The main objective of this paper is to perform fault diagnoses based on fuzzy logic. For conducting the study, the IEEE 34-Node Radial Test Feeder is used. The data was obtained from ATPDraw-based fault simulation on different nodes of the circuit considering three different fault resistance values of 0, 5, and 10 ohms. The fuzzy rules to identify the type of fault are defined using the magnitudes of the phase and neutral currents. All measurements are taken at the substation, and the results show that the proposed technique can perfectly identify and locate the type of failure.

Óptimo despliegue y enrutamiento de UDAP para infraestructura de medición avanzada basada en el algoritmo MST

espanolEl presente articulo permite optimizar el costo por despliegue de los puntos de agregacion de datos universales (UDAP) para la infraestructura avanzada de medicion inteligente (AMI) considerando cobertura y capacidad. Se presenta un modelo de enrutamiento entre UDAPs basado en minimum spanning tree (MST) para encontrar el minimo numero de enlaces en una zona georreferenciada especifica. Al estar georreferenciada se logra que la localizacion de UDAP y la topologia de la red sean reales. La busqueda de los lugares optimos de un conjunto de sitios candidatos advierte la necesidad de un algoritmo de optimizacion que permita minimizar los sitios candidatos y los convierta en sitios factibles activos en el diseno previo al despliegue de la red. Los resultados obtenidos implican un punto base firme para que las empresas de distribucion electrica establezcan el numero adecuado de concentradores (UDAP). Dentro del trabajo se consideran ciertas tecnologias de comunicacion aplicadas en AMI como: redes celulares (CDMA, GPRS, LTE) o el estandar IEEE 802.15.4 g. El menor costo basado en el uso optimo de recursos para despliegue de infraestructura toma gran importancia para la planificacion y escalabilidad de la red de AMI. EnglishThis paper optimizes the cost of deployment of universal data aggregation points (UDAP) for advanced smart metering infrastructure (AMI), considering coverage and capacity. We propose a routing model between UDAPs, based on minimum spanning tree algorithm (MST) to find the minimum number of links in a specific geo-referenced area. Because it is geo-referenced, the location of the UDAP and the topology of the net are real. The search for optimal locations of a set of candidate sites warns the necessity of an optimization algorithm to minimize candidate sites and turn them into active feasible sites in the previous design to the network deployment. Results imply a strong base point for electricity distribution companies to establish the right number of concentrators (UDAP). There are certain applied AMI communication technologies considered, such as: cellular networks (CDMA, GPRS, and LTE) or the IEEE 802.15.4 g standard. The lowest cost based on the optimal resources usage in infrastructure deployment is very important for planning and scalability phases of AMI network

State of Art, Reliability Assessment in the Transmission System based on Monte Carlo Method

This paper presents a reliability assessment applied to the transmission system, considering faults that cause an interruption the service of electric energy. The goal is to predict the real behavior of the transmission system to a number of failures using Monte Carlo method; for reasons, that estimate analytically the future behavior of the system, it is impossible due to the complexity of the cause-effect relationships, to solve problems of this kind are used a probabilistic theory. Therefore, with Monte Carlo method is calculated the reliability index for quantifying the operational performance against possible random failures. Consequently, in this work we can estimate the probability of failure basing on the problem of reliability by blackouts or unpredictable interruptions induced in the transmission system with Monte Carlo is proposed analyze these random events. This reliability assessment is essential to determine the unavailability and insecurity of the transmission network, which allows you to perform actions to prevent blackouts.

Optimal geographic placement of PMU for Wide Area Measurement System

this paper presents a methodology to solve the problem of optimal placement of WAMS in an electric power transmission system. In this paper two approaches are introduced aiming at reducing the computational burden in Optimal Placement problems. The goal is to make a preliminary analysis of optimal placement of PMU (OPP) and subsequently to optimize the costs of the communication network (CN) through the minimization of distances of connection between each node. For this purpose, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based on algorithm for the PMU placement has been modified and expanded to determine optimal PMU locations by incorporating the effect of zero-injection buses and conventional measurements. In addition, Kruskals Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm is used to obtain the optimal communication networks with minimum investment. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in a real large size transmission system, where geo-referenced data (coordinates) of the buses (nodes) and transmission lines that make up the entire network are obtained. The main objective focuses on minimizing the cost associated with PMU placement and communication network, while ensuring the full observability of the system.