Estri Laras Arumingtyas

Expression level of DREB gene of local corn cultivars from Kisar Island-Maluku, Indonesia, using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction

The research objective was to determine the expression level of dehydration responsive element binding ( DREB ) gene of local corn cultivars from Kisar Island Maluku, Indonesia. The study was designed as randomized block design with single factor consist of six local corn cultivars obtained from farmers in Kisar Island and one reference varieties which has been released as a drought-tolerant varieties and obtained from Cereal Crops Research Institute Maros South Sulawesi. Isolation of total RNA from the second leaf after the flag leaf at the 65 days after planting were carried out according to the protocols of the R & A-BlueTM Total RNA Extraction Kit, and was used as a template for cDNA synthesis. Amplification of cDNA from total RNA was carried out according to the protocol of One- Step Reverse Transcriptase PCR Premix Kit. Real Time-PCR was performed usingcDNA from reverse transcription following the procedures of Real MODTM Green Real-Time PCR Master Mix Kit. The real time-PCR data were analyzed using relative quantification method based on the critical point/cycle threshold. The highest DREB gene expression was showed by Deep Yellow local corn cultivar, and the lowest one was showed by Rubby Brown Cob cultivar. The DREB gene expression level of deep yellow local corn cultivar was even higher than Srikandi variety as a reference variety.

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity from Cayenne Pepper fruit by Microwave Assisted Extraction

ABSTRAK Pertimbangan dalam pemilihan metode ekstraksi untuk mendapatkan senyawa bioaktif dari bahan tanaman diantaranya adalah efisiensi waktu dan jumlah pelarut yang digunakan. Studi terdahulu menunjukan ekstraksi bahan aktif dengan gelombang mikro mempercepat waktu ekstraksindan menghemat penggunaan pelarut dibandingkan metode konvensional, tetapi waktu ekstraksibyang terlalu singkat dan penggunaan pelarut yang terlalu minim membuat hasil ekstraksi tidaknoptimal. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio bahan:pelarut dan lama ekstraksi dengan gelombang mikro terhadap kandungan fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak cabai rawit. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok 2 faktor yaitu rasio bahan:pelarut dengan variasi 1:5; 1:10; dan 1:15, serta lama ekstraksi (5, 10, dan 15 menit). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, rasio bahan:pelarut 1:10 memberikan hasil terbaik untuk kadar total capsaicinoid, total fenol, total flavonoid, dan aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 138.06 ± 6.35 mg CE/g BK ekstrak, 33.75 ± 1.75 mg GAE/g BK ekstrak, 205.41 ± 26.13 mg QE/g BK ekstrak, dan 447.96 ±25.63 μg/ml. Lama ekstraksi untuk menghasilkan nilai total capsaicinoid dan total fenol paling tinggi adalah 5 menit, sedangkan untuk total flavonoid pada waktu 10 dan 15 menit. Nilai IC50 memiliki korelasi yang linear dengan total capsaicinoid, total fenol, dan total flavonoid. Pemilihan perlakuan terbaik dengan metode multiple atribut menunjukan rasio bahan:pelarut 1:10 dan lama ekstraksi 10 menit merupakan kombinasi perlakuan paling optimal untuk ekstraksi senyawa fenol menggunakan Microwave Assisted Extraction ABSTRACT The consideration of extraction methods to obtain bioactive compounds of plant origin were the time efficiency and the amount of extraction solvent. Previous studies showed that microwave assisted extraction of active ingredients decrease the extraction time and minimize the solvent compared to conventional methods, but short extraction time and less solvents make extraction less optimal. The aim of this study to determine the effect of materials:solvent and extraction time of microwave assisted extraction to phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the cayenne pepper extract. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design 2 factors of the ratio of material:solvent (1:5; 1:10; and 1:15) and extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min). The results showed that material:solvent ratio of 1:10 gave the best value for total capsaicinoid content, total phenol, total flavonoid and IC50 with average value of 138.06 ± 6.35 mg CE/g DW, 33.75 ± 1.75 mg GAE/g DW extract, 205.41 ± 26.13 mg QE/g DW extract, and 447.96 ± 25.63 μg/ml respectively. The optimal extraction time to generate total capsaicinoid and total phenol content was 5 minutes, while the optimal extraction time for total flavonoid was 10 and 15 minutes. IC50 in this study had a linear correlation with total capsaicinoid, total phenol, and total flavonoid. The best treatment with multiple attribute method showed the materials:solvent ratio of 1:10 and extraction time of 10 minutes was the most optimal treatment combination for extraction of phenol compound by microwave assisted extractionThe consideration of extraction methods to obtain bioactive compounds of plant origin were the time efficiency and the amount of extraction solvent. Previous studies showed that microwave assisted extraction of active ingredients decrease the extraction time and minimize the solvent compared to conventional methods, but short extraction time and less solvents make extraction less optimal. The aim of this study to determine the effect of materials:solvent and extraction time of microwave assisted extraction to phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the cayenne pepper extract. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design 2 factors of the ratio of material:solvent (1:5; 1:10; and 1:15) and extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min). The results showed that material:solvent ratio of 1:10 gave the best value for total capsaicinoid content, total phenol, total flavonoid and IC50 with average value of 138.06 ± 6.35 mg CE/g DW, 33.75 ± 1.75 mg GAE/g DW extract, 205.41 ± 26.13 mg QE/g DW extract, and 447.96 ± 25.63 μg/ml respectively. The optimal extraction time to generate total capsaicinoid and total phenol content was 5 minutes, while the optimal extraction time for total flavonoid was 10 and 15 minutes. IC50 in this study had a linear correlation with total capsaicinoid, total phenol, and total flavonoid. The best treatment with multiple attribute method showed the materials:solvent ratio of 1:10 and extraction time of 10 minutes was the most optimal treatment combination for extraction of phenol compound by microwave assisted extraction

Genetic variability of Indonesian local chili pepper: The facts

Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) is one species of Solanaceae family that is very popular in Indonesia and some other tropical countries because of its pungency. Chili pepper is an important spice in Indonesia and is also eaten fresh as a pickle to increase appetite. In Indonesia, there are various local names for chili pepper includingcabai, cengek, lombok, pedesan etc. These varied local names represent the various morphological shapes of the chili pepper fruit. We have investigated the variability of some chili cultivars based on morphological characteristics, molecular markers, pungency, and capsaicin content. Some biological facts, such as the tendency of chili pepper to outbreed, have also been found. In this paper, the source of variability and the possible mechanism of increasing genetic variability of Indonesian local chili pepper are also discussed.

Genetic kinship of tongkat langit banana (Musa troglodytarum L.) from Moluccas based on rbcL gene sequence

The present study was conducted to investigate the genetic kinship of tongkat langit banana population from Moluccas which was out-grouped into Musa fehi, Ensete glaucum, Ensete superbum dan Ensete ventricosum (NCBI). The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that tongkat langit banana and Musa fehi formed sub-clade I with similarity value of 99–100%. Ensete genus formed clade II with similarity value of 98–99%.