Luchman Hakim

Cultural Landscapes of the Tengger Highland, East Java

Although cultural landscapes are known to be important in supporting human prosperity, they remain infrequently studied in Indonesia. In this chapter, the Tengger Highland is examined, as it represents an important cultural landscape in Indonesia. Results indicate that ecologically, the Tengger Highland has huge biodiversity. The findings reveal that the local people and nature are closely related, particularly in terms of sites of religious, natural, and cultural performance. Some parts of the highland are governed by taboos and protected by the local people. These rules of good conduct contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. This chapter further describes the agricultural system in the highland as an essential component of the cultural landscape. The Tengger Highland has characteristic agricultural practices on the steepest land, which potentially affect soil erosion and land disturbance. In some areas of the highland, however, the local people have developed agroforestry and terrace systems as a farming strategy to protect the land and ecosystems on the steepest parts. This chapter argues that the Tengger Highland is under serious threat owing to poor planning, ecosystem disturbance, reduced appreciation by local people, and human disturbance. Under such circumstances, planning how to maximize the highland’s resources and minimize its threats is urgently needed. More recently, however, the number of tourists to the highland has increased significantly, and it is proposed that this tourism should be able to support a conservation program. Therefore, appropriate sustainable tourism planning should consider the Tengger Highland as an integral cultural landscape where nature, people, and culture are strongly linked to each other. This means that enhancing and promoting the participation of local people in planning is urgently needed.

The Classification and Characteristics of Soil Surrounding Lake Ecosystem as a Basic Consideration in Agrotourism Development in Linow Lake, North Sulawesi.

The objective of the research is to identify and classify soil in an area surrounding Linow Lake, North Sulawesi for agrotourism development purposes. Result of the study confirm that lands surrounding Linow Lake can be classified into nine lands unit. The landform of these units dominated by hilly volcanic and soils were varies namely Aquic eutrudept, Humic dystrudept, Typic dystrudept, humic hapludult, Typica sulfudept and sulfic endoaquept. Soils in area surrounding Linow Lake can be classified into two orders namely Inceptisols and Ultisols. Inceptisols is characterized by cambic horizon as shown on soil profile 1,2,6 and 7. Ultisols is characterized by the existence of argillic B horizon, as shown on soil profile 4,5 and 8. The possibility for agrotourism development lies on the opportunities to plant some fruit trees, i.e. Rambutan, Lansat, Avocado, Durian, Guava, Papaya and Banana in policulture systems, or technically called agroforestry. The planting arragement and management should be meets the landcapability and suitability.

Conservation Ecology of Gigantochloa Manggong: an Endemic Bamboo at Java, Indonesia

Ecological study of Gigantochloa manggong , one of the endemic bamboo species at Java was done in the secondary tropical forest of Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Distribution was limited in eastern part of the national park. In general, G. manggong grows well in lowland secondary forest patches at altitudes 5 - 50 m on the clay loam soil. Absence of large trees caused canopy gaps which made bamboo grows well and spread. There were several associate species such as Callamus sp., Erioglussum rubiginosum, Voacanga grandifolia, Pleomelesp., and Ficus sp. Throughout the field observation, its sexual reproduction was not found. However, vegetative reproduction by developing new culms was found in all of the quadrats. Bamboo harvesting in Sukamade forest by villagers was the threats of G. manggong population at the wild habitat. Furthermore, our study showed that the range of the species distribution has contracted substantially from that recorded in 1987, and this has led to its assessment as an endangered species. Unsustainable exploitation and habitat loss might be important factors toward the extinction of G. manggongin the natural habitat.

Integrating ecosystem restoration and development of recreation sites in degraded tropical mountain areas in East Java, Indonesia

The aims of this paper were to describe the principles of ecosystem restoration and development of recreation sites in degraded mountain areas, with special references to East Java, Indonesia. In East Java, the mountain ecosystem has been disturbed by anthropological and natural forces, and restoration is a crucial program to repair and recover the degraded area. At the same time, tourism to mountain areas is growing significantly, and there are opportunities for integrating development of recreation tourism areas and restoration programs in degraded sites. However, considerable research shows that there are less appropriate programs, planning and practice of integrating restoration and development of tourism areas in degraded mountain areas. Numerous exotic plant species were introduced as part of the effort to repair many degraded mountain areas in East Java. There are economical motives to the introduction of exotic plants, as sh own by the abundant number of multi-purpose plant tree species. A large number of exotic plant species were also influenced by attempts to increase the beauty of recreation sites, to provide consumable fruits and vegetables and environmental education. This paper shows there are misconceptions concerning restoration and development of recreation sites in conservation forests in mountain areas in East Java. Integrating recreation tourism area development and restoration programs should be established in the perspective of sustainable development.The aims of this paper were to describe the principles of ecosystem restoration and development of recreation sites in degraded mountain areas, with special references to East Java, Indonesia. In East Java, the mountain ecosystem has been disturbed by anthropological and natural forces, and restoration is a crucial program to repair and recover the degraded area. At the same time, tourism to mountain areas is growing significantly, and there are opportunities for integrating development of recreation tourism areas and restoration programs in degraded sites. However, considerable research shows that there are less appropriate programs, planning and practice of integrating restoration and development of tourism areas in degraded mountain areas. Numerous exotic plant species were introduced as part of the effort to repair many degraded mountain areas in East Java. There are economical motives to the introduction of exotic plants, as sh own by the abundant number of multi-purpose plant tree species. A large n...

The variations of physical and chemical water quality in Coban Rondo waterfall, Malang Indonesia

Coban Rondo waterfall is threated to have been polluted due to the tourism activity. Analysis of the water quality is essential to provide the basis for judging the suitability of water for its designated uses and improving its conditions. This study aims to analyze the water physical and chemical parameters of Coban Rondo waterfall in Pujon, Malang Indonesia. Three locations including upstream, waterfall, and downstream were the sources of the water samples taken during the rainy season. The study analyzes 12 water quality parameters consisting of 5 physical parameters and 7 chemical parameters. Using ANOVA, cluster analyses, and Biplot to analyze the water quality, the research results indicated that water and air temperatures were high in the upstream. The value of pH from 6.9 to 7.4, DO from 8 to 11 mg/L, conductivity from 0.106-0.112dS/m, turbidity 3.3 NTU to 7.6 NTU, water debit4 x 105 L/s and total phosphate from 0.5to 0.07 mg/L were higher in the downstream area, while the concentration of nitrate from 5 to 30 mg/L, orthophosphate 1.0 to 1.4 mg/L, COD from 14 to 22 mg/Land BOD 10.8 to 15.6mg/L was highest in the upstream. It indicates that the human activity in Coban Rondo has affected the water quality. Based on Indonesia government regulation No. 82/2001, the water in Coban Rondo was still suitable for irrigation and tourism (Class II), except BOD level.Coban Rondo waterfall is threated to have been polluted due to the tourism activity. Analysis of the water quality is essential to provide the basis for judging the suitability of water for its designated uses and improving its conditions. This study aims to analyze the water physical and chemical parameters of Coban Rondo waterfall in Pujon, Malang Indonesia. Three locations including upstream, waterfall, and downstream were the sources of the water samples taken during the rainy season. The study analyzes 12 water quality parameters consisting of 5 physical parameters and 7 chemical parameters. Using ANOVA, cluster analyses, and Biplot to analyze the water quality, the research results indicated that water and air temperatures were high in the upstream. The value of pH from 6.9 to 7.4, DO from 8 to 11 mg/L, conductivity from 0.106-0.112dS/m, turbidity 3.3 NTU to 7.6 NTU, water debit4 x 105 L/s and total phosphate from 0.5to 0.07 mg/L were higher in the downstream area, while the concentration of nitrate...