Eti Rohaeti

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicines (jamu). They have similar color for their rhizome and possess some similar uses, so it is possible to substitute one for the other. The identification and discrimination of these closely-related plants is a crucial task to ensure the quality of the raw materials. Therefore, an analytical method which is rapid, simple and accurate for discriminating these species using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with some chemometrics methods was developed. FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid-IR region (4000-400 cm(-1)). Standard normal variate, first and second order derivative spectra were compared for the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for the classification of the three species. Samples could be discriminated by visual analysis of the FTIR spectra by using their marker bands. Discrimination of the three species was also possible through the combination of the pre-processed FTIR spectra with PCA and CVA, in which CVA gave clearer discrimination. Subsequently, the developed method could be used for the identification and discrimination of the three closely-related plant species.

The use of Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder as Coagulant to Improve the Quality of Wastewater and Ground Water

Wastewater and ground water treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), a synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to replace synthetic coagulant. M. oleifera reduced 98.6% turbidity of wastewater, 10.8% of its conductivity, 11.7% of its BOD and removed its metal contents (Cd, Cr, Mn). When applied to ground water, M. oleifera removed the turbidity of ground water as much as 97.5%, while reduced the conductivity and BOD of ground water 53.4% and 18%, respectively. The use of M. oleifera also reduced total number of coliform. The advantage of using M. oleifera is that it does not reduce pH as PAC, hence does not require further treatment to adjust pH of the treated water.

Combination of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics for authentication of taro flour from wheat and sago flour

Taro flour on the market is usually sold at higher price than wheat and sago flour. This situation could be a cause for adulteration of taro flour from wheat and sago flour. For this reason, we will need an identification and authentication. Combination of near infrared (NIR) spectrum with multivariate analysis was used in this study to identify and authenticate taro flour from wheat and sago flour. The authentication model of taro flour was developed by using a mixture of 5%, 25%, and 50% of adulterated taro flour from wheat and sago flour. Before subjected to multivariate analysis, an initial preprocessing signal was used namely normalization and standard normal variate to the NIR spectrum. We used principal component analysis followed by discriminant analysis to make an identification and authentication model of taro flour. From the result obtained, about 90.48% of the taro flour mixed with wheat flour and 85% of taro flour mixed with sago flour were successfully classified into their groups. So the combination of NIR spectrum with chemometrics could be used for identification and authentication of taro flour from wheat and sago flour.

Simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol in Curcuma xanthorrhiza by high-performance liquid chromatography

ABSTRACT A new method for simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol (XNT) in Curcuma xanthorrhiza was developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array UV–Vis detector. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex C18 at room temperature with the mobile-phase acetonitrile −0.001% formic acid in gradient elution system and delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection wavelength 425 nm was used for curcuminoids and 224 nm for XNT. System suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and stability were evaluated and were found in good agreement with Association of Official Analytical Chemists guidelines for single-laboratory validation. The proposed method was found to be precise, accurate, and reliable and also could be applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of curcuminoids and XNT in C. xanthorriza raw material and its herbal medicinal product. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Utilization of Rice Husk as Pb Adsorbent in Blood Cockles

Water pollution by lead affects blood cockles, a potential source of food. The aim of this research is to compare rice husk (RH) and rice husk carbon (RHC) in reducing the concentration of lead in blood cockles. RH and RHC were activated with NaOH 1 M, and then the optimal conditions and maximum capacity were determined. This research showed that RH and RHC had maximum adsorbancy capacities of 28.7326 mg/g and 51.5464 mg/g at optimal condition. The optimal adsorption condition for RH in 100 ml Pb solution is 0.32 gram, pH 5, for 4 hours. The optimal adsorption condition for RHC in 100 ml Pb solution is 0.20 gram, pH 5, for 2 hours. Lead content in blood cockles from the north waters of Jakarta (1.9658 mg/kg) is beyond the threshold limit. Lead adsorption by RH and RHC could reduce lead content in blood cockles by about 40% and 31%, respectively.

Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle from Tutut (Bellamya javanica) Shells by Using Precipitation Method for Artificial Bone Engineering

The synthesis and characterization of both structural and microstructure of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles by using precipitation method have been performed. Orthophosphoric acid solution (H3PO4) 0.3 M was dropped into the suspension of Ca(OH)2 from tutut (Bellamya javanica) shells at pH 10 and added by NH4OH 1 M at the final deposition process. The precipitate was filtered and then heated in a furnace at temperature of 1000 °C for 3 hours. The result of elemental analysis showed that the Ca/P ratio of HAp sample was 1.71. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the sample was a single phase of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 with hexagonal structure (P63/m) and lattice parameters of a = b = 9.418(3) Å, c = 6.885(2) Å, a = b = 90o, g = 120o, V = 528.9(4) Å3, and r = 3.084 g cm-3. The as-synthesized HAp has crystallite and particle sizes of 16.1055 and 89.15 nm, respectively. The TEM image revealed that the HAp particles have spherical-polygonal shape with an average diameter particles of around 10-20 nm. It was concluded that the synthesis of HAp nanoparticles from tutut (Bellamya javanica) shells by using a wet precipitation method has been successfully carried out and the as-synthesized HAp was potential to be applied as materials for artificial bone engineering.