Eugene K. Emory
Emory University
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Neuropsychology Review | 2006
Julie A. Alvarez; Eugene K. Emory
Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as “supervisory” cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the “executive function” construct, there has been a historical linkage of these “higher-level” processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term “frontal functions” synonymously with “executive functions” despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms.
Child Development | 1983
Elaine F. Walker; Eugene K. Emory
The results of research on infants at high risk for schizophrenia (offspring of schizophrenic parents) are reviewed. The findings indicate that high-risk infants are not exposed to greater exogenous stress during the prenatal and perinatal periods, although subsequent caregiving provided by disturbed mothers may be nonoptimal. Several findings point to the existence of a constitutionally vulnerable subgroup of high-risk infants. Fetal and neonatal deaths, unrelated to obstetrical complications, may be more common among high-risk offspring, and neuromotor abnormalities are apparent in a subgroup of high-risk subjects across the life span. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that offspring of schizophrenics are uniquely susceptible to obstetrical complications when they occur: Neuromotor deficits and other developmental deviations show a greater relationship with obstetrical complications among high-risk infants than controls. Taken together, the results lend support to the validity of interactional models of the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that preventive intervention may be a realistic goal.
Child Development | 1976
Barry M. Lester; Eugene K. Emory; Susan L. Hoffman; Donald V. Eitzman
The Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale was administered to 52 newborn infants. A factor analysis revealed 2 main factors, 1 along an attention-orientation dimension, the other relating to temperament arousal. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the attention-orientation factor was related to birth weight, age of the mother, and sex and race of the baby. The only variable related to the temperament-arousal factor was 5-min Apgar scor. The study, although exploratory, demonstrates the use of multivariate techniques in the assessment of influences on newborn behavior.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 1999
Eugene K. Emory; Roland Pattillo; Errol Archibold; M. Bayorh; F. Sung
In a clinically healthy sample of 103 African American neonates maternal blood lead levels <10 micrograms/dL were related to discrete aspects of neonatal behavior but not to a priori cluster scores of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale. In statistical tests modest detrimental effects on motor control and attention were found for neonatal subjects whose mothers had slightly higher blood lead levels in the sixth and seventh prenatal months. Correlation and dose-effect trends reveal slightly poorer attention and motor control performance among neonatal offspring of mothers with higher maternal blood lead levels. These results are in agreement with those of previous studies, which have consistently reported modest statistical relationships between low-level prenatal lead exposure and neonatal behavior.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology | 1992
Sherryl H. Goodman; Eugene K. Emory
Pregnancy and birth complications in births to 57 schizophrenic, 28 depressed, and 31 well women were studied. The sample was of low socioeconomic status and predominantly African-American. The study extended earlier work on the perinatal status of infants born to schizophrenic women by including measures of severity of maternal disturbance, mothers age, IQ, and premorbid social competence, and family composition. The results show that maternal competence and the mothers diagnosis of schizophrenia were significant variables in determining the likelihood of less adequate prenatal care and more complicated births. The results indicate the importance of an assessment not only of a disturbed womans diagnosis but also of her personal background and social competence in determining the likelihood of obstetrical complications.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | 2006
Eugene K. Emory; John N. I. Dieter
Abstract: Ultrasound studies examined fetuses of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Fetuses of depressed mothers were more active during mid‐gestation and exhibited lower baseline heart rate and moved less during late‐term vibratory stimulation. Mid‐gestation heightened activity and late‐term diminished responsivity may be a prenatal manifestation of the “general adaptation syndrome.” Color Doppler technology measured blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery of fetuses whose mothers were prescribed SSRIs or lithium. SSRIs were associated with velocity increases and lithium with velocity decreases. The effects of psychotropic medications on prenatal neurobehavioral development require further study to document potential benefits and adverse effects.
Archive | 1990
Eugene K. Emory; Tammy Savoie; Kay A. Toomey
Prematurity and low birthweight (LBW) constitute frequently occurring perinatal complications with potentially risky implications. Although the terms prematurity and LBW have been around for some time, the precise meaning of these terms is often confused, giving rise to misunderstanding and inaccuracies. Historically, the terms prematurity and LBW were used interchangeably (Caputo and Mandell, 1970). These investigators were referring to a gestational age of ≤ 38 weeks or less and a birthweight of ≤ 2500 g. More recently, the term very low birthweight (VLBW) has been used to designate a birthweight of ≤ 1500 g. Using the terms prematurity and LBW synonymously leads to some confusion, since every premature infant is not LBW and every LBW infant is not premature. Owing to these discrepancies a more accurate terminology has been introduced and takes into account the relationship between gestational age and weight at birth. The new designations include small for gestational age (SGA), average for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). These terms distinguish an infant within the statistically normal range for gestational age or outside the normal range. Although there are additional descriptions related to gestational age—birthweight interactions (Lubchenco, 1976), SGA, AGA, and LGA are most frequently used. The cutoff point for the SGA infant is a birthweight below the 10th percentile for its gestational age. Conversely, the cutoff point for the LGA infant is a birthweight above the 90th percentile for its gestational age. All other infants are regarded as average for gestational age, regardless of their age status. In this way, clinicians and researchers can determine whether an infants’ growth is within the expected range for its age (Fig. 1).
Journal of Abnormal Psychology | 1981
Elaine Walker; Hoppes E; Eugene K. Emory; Sarnoff A. Mednick; Fini Schulsinger
Previous research indicates that certain parameters of electrodermal functioning are related to schizophrenia and risk for schizophrenia. This study investigated childhood environmental factors in two subgroups of high-risk males (offspring of schizophrenic mothers): those who showed patterns of electrodermal lability in childhood and later became schizophrenic, and a matched subgroup who showed similar patterns of electrodermal functioning but did not become schizophrenic. The variables examined were parental absence, institutionalization of the child, and quality of the home and neighborhood. The schizophrenic group had experienced significantly more paternal absence during the 2nd year of life. The schizophrenic subjects also experienced significantly more childhood institutionalization, particularly in the 1st and 6th through 10th years of life. The quality of home and neighborhood and maternal absence did not distinguish the two groups. The findings are interpreted as indicating the importance of paternal presence in ameliorating the disruptive effects of the schizophrenic mother on vulnerable male offspring.
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings | 2007
John E. Carr; Eugene K. Emory; Anthony Errichetti; Suzanne Bennett Johnson; Elena Reyes
The Institute of Medicine has reviewed and made recommendations concerning current teaching approaches, content, and barriers to the incorporation of behavioral/social sciences in medical school curricula (Cuff & Vanselow, 2004). This paper discusses those recommendations, the history of medical education reform, the barriers to and evolution of behavioral/social sciences’ inclusion, and the implications for psychology’s future role in academic medicine. Psychological concepts and technology permeate medical practice, but little progress has been made in integrating psychological and biological sciences. Looking to its basic science domains (e.g. cognition, learning, development, neuroscience), psychology can take scientific leadership in illuminating the mechanisms by which behavioral/social processes interact with biological functions in health, thereby providing the empirical basis for a truly integrated bio-behavioral curriculum.
Infant Behavior & Development | 1987
Susan L. Hronsky; Eugene K. Emory
Abstract This study examined the behavioral effects of caffeine, measured in cord blood and saliva, on infant behavior. In order to examine these effects, 40 full-term, healthy, vaginally delivered, breast-fed neonates and their healthy, nonsmoking mothers were studied. A nutritional questionnaire was developed and given to each participating mother to determine her approximate caffeine intake during the last three days before delivery. For each infant subject, cord blood samples from delivery and saliva samples taken on the day of behavioral testing were assayed for caffeine. Statistical analyses revealed a significant effect of caffeine level on certain interactive behaviors in response to stimulation but little or no observed effect upon spontaneous sleep states.