Eugeniusz Kozaczka

Processing data on sea bottom structure obtained by means of the parametric sounding

ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to analyze data obtained during sounding the Gdansk Bay sea bed by means of the parametric echo-sounder. The accuracy of the sea bottom structure investigation needs correct configuration of research equipment and proper calibration of peripheral devices (GPS, heading sensor, MRU-Z motion sensor and navigation instruments which provide necessary data to bathymetrical measurement system, enabling its work with full capability. The parametric sub-bottom profiler delivers two types of data which include different information: envelope and pure echo signal sampled without processing. The first is used to present echograms in real time and the second one is stored during sounding and the obtained data can be analyzed by using post-processing software. Differences in the results are presented and discussed. And, are described also criteria taken into account during determination of the measurement areas and selection of different configurations of the software according to the information to be obtained from trials. Complementary information can be achieved from processing the data by means of the procedures offered by Matlab software, which allows for a clear 3D presentation of the results. The consideration are illustrated by echograms taken in the natural conditions

Identification of hydro-acoustic waves emitted from floating units during mooring tests

Identification of hydro-acoustic waves emitted from floating units during mooring tests Measurements of hydro-acoustic noise emitted from vessels are a.o. a subject of the tests carried out in the control measurement ranges of the Navy. The measurements are performed both on anchored and floating vessels. Acoustic field of vessels is changing along with their speed changing and is associated with acoustic activity of wave sources installed in vessels hull (main engines, electric generating sets, reduction gears, pumps, shaft-lines, piping, ventilating ducts etc) as well as hydro-dynamic sources such as screw propellers and water flow around the hull [5, 7]. Vibration energy generated by the onboard devices is transferred through ship structural elements to water where it propagates in the form of hydro-acoustic waves of a wide frequency band.

Gdansk Bay sea bed sounding and classification of its results

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to describe the results of sounding the Gdansk Bay sea bed by using a SES- 2000 Standard parametric sub-bottom profiler. Quality of data obtained during trials depends inter alia on a proper location of transducer array to reduce influence of pitch, roll and heave motions as well as ship self noise (resulting from bubbles due to propeller and flow around hull, vibration generated by main engine and auxiliary devices). Furthermore, calibration of complementary units such as GPS, heading sensor, MRU-Z motion sensor and navigation devices make sea-bed investigating system capable of working with its whole capability. Results of so prepared surveys have been presented and discussed. They contain also an elaborated map of Gdansk Bay with preliminarily classified sea-bed materials and description of most interesting areas.

Investigation of the underwater noise produced by ships by means of intensity method

Investigation of the underwater noise produced by ships by means of intensity method This paper presents results of research on spectral structure of underwater noise acoustic field radiated into water by selected ships moving in shallow waters. Underwater acoustic field of ships in motion is associated with acoustic activity of ship mechanisms and equipment under work. Vibration energy radiated by the mechanisms and devices is transmitted by ship structural elements to surrounding water where it is propagated in the form of acoustic waves of a wide frequency band. In this paper are presented results of the research on propagation of energy of acoustic waves in the near fiel, obtained from acoustic pressure measurements by means of two sensors located close to each other.

The study of acoustic climate of the Southern Baltic

This paper presents the statistical characteristics of seawater properties, which are necessary for predicting the propagation of acoustic waves in selected areas of the Baltic Sea. The statistics were elaborated based on long-term measurements of vertical distributions of sound speed, temperature, and salinity, and the nonlinearity parameter B/A. Nonlinear properties of the environment are considered, in connection to the use of devices based on parametric acoustic wave generation. Special attention was paid to the environmental aspects of the propagation of underwater noise generated by ship operations. Statistical characteristics of the vertical distribution of sound are shown as mean values, and the differences associated with statistical, seasonal, as well as, long-term, changes.

Theoretical Model of Acoustic Wave Propagation in Shallow Water

Abstract The work is devoted to the propagation of low frequency waves in a shallow sea. As a source of acoustic waves, underwater disturbances generated by ships were adopted. A specific feature of the propagation of acoustic waves in shallow water is the proximity of boundaries of the limiting media characterised by different impedance properties, which affects the acoustic field coming from a source situated in the water layer “deformed” by different phenomena. The acoustic field distribution in the real shallow sea is affected not only by multiple reflections, but also by stochastic changes in the free surface shape, and statistical changes in the seabed shape and impedance. The paper discusses fundamental problems of modal sound propagation in the water layer over different types of bottom sediments. The basic task in this case was to determine the acoustic pressure level as a function of distance and depth. The results of the conducted investigation can be useful in indirect determination of the type of bottom.

Identification of hydroacoustic wave sources of ship in motion

Identification of hydroacoustic wave sources of ship in motion This paper deals with results of identification tests of acoustic field spectrum of underwater noise generated by ship in motion. The field is connected with acoustic activity of ship mechanisms and devices in operation. Vibration energy generated by the mechanisms and devices is transferred through ship structural elements to surrounding water where it propagates in the form of acoustic waves of a broad band of frequencies. In the publication results of identification tests of underwater noise generated by a ship in motion, are presented.

Observation of sub‐bottom sediments in the Southern Baltic by means of nonlinear acoustic method

The aim of the paper is to present results of preliminary experimental investigation using parametric echosounder in natural conditions for profiling the subbottom sediments in the Gulf of Gdansk. The ability to predict seabed properties: seafloor roughness, sub‐bottom structure and discrete scatterers laying on the seafloor or buried into sediments, from remotely sensed data is important especially in regions that need permanent monitoring. Precise determination of seabed structure or localisation of buried objects in the sand requires the use of a low frequency signal to penetrate the sediment and a narrow beam to provide high‐resolution data. Both requirements can be achieved with a parametric (nonlinear) technique. The special experimental setup has been arranged allowing penetration of bottom sediments as well as precise positioning and following a given route. Measurements were conducted exactly along given routes, for that geological profiles have bean taken by means of another method. It allow as ...

The Imaging of Gdansk Bay Seabed by Using Side Sonar

Abstract This paper is mainly aimed at presentation of an impact of environmental conditions on imaging accuracy by using hydro-acoustic systems in waters of a high non-uniformity of spatial distribution of hydrological parameters. Impact of refraction on erroneous estimation of range, in case of wave radiation into water under a large angle, like in side sonars or multi-beam echo-sounders, is especially important. In this paper seasonal changes in sound speed and its impact on acoustic beam refraction is discussed. And, examples which illustrate errors in determination of side sonar range occurred during last investigations carried out in Gdansk Bay waters are presented.

Influence of Natural Conditions on the Imaging of the Bottom of the Gdańsk Bay by Means of the Side Scan Sonar

Abstract The interest in underwater resources is the reason for the development of modern hydroacoustic systems, including side sonars, which find numerous applications such as: research of seabed morphology and sediment characteristics, preparation of sea sediment maps, and even in special cases of biocenoses such as sea grass meadows, detection of specific targets at the bottom such as shipwrecks, mines, identification of suitable sites for maritime infrastructure. Such applications require precise information about the position of the objects to be observed. Errors affecting the depiction of the bottom using hydroacoustic systems can be divided into errors associated with improper operation of measuring and support devices, systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors result from the changing conditions prevailing in the analyzed environment affecting the measurement system. The errors affecting the correct operation of hydroacoustic systems can include: changing angle of inclination of the beam caused by the vessel’s movement on the wave or refraction connected to changes in the sound speed as the depth function.