Euis Hermiati

Potential utilization of cassava pulp for ethanol production in Indonesia

Cassava is one of the major crops produced in Indonesia. Cassava grows in all provinces in Indonesia. In the last decade, even though cassava plantation area is decreased, cassava production and its productivity in Indonesia have been on the increase steadily. The tendency of using cassava for ethanol production would affect supply of cassava for food. Cassava pulp, a by- product of tapioca industry is one of the potential biomass that can be used for ethanol production because it contains starch and fiber in significant amounts which could be further converted to ethanol. A large scale of tapioca plant having production capacity of 20 ton tapioca flour per day has a potency to produce 8.7 kL of ethanol per day. Conversion of cassava pulp to ethanol can be accomplished through different kinds of processes such as physical, chemical, biological process or combinations of those processes. The utilization of cassava pulp for ethanol production would be beneficial since the material is abundantly and continuously available in many big tapioca industries and could help in solving the problem of waste disposal of tapioca industry. However, comprehensive studies are still needed for establishment of bioethanol industry from cassava pulp. Key words: Cassava, cassava pulp, utilization, starch, fiber, ethanol. INTRODUCTION Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) is one of the important crops in the world. Global production of cassava reached 228.14 million tons in 2007 (Wuttiwai, 2009). Nigeria and Brazil were the two most leading cassava producers. Cassava is also one of the major crops in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and in Indonesia. According to Wuttiwai (2009), Thailand was so far the third largest cassava producers with a total production of 26 million tons. On the other hand, Indonesia produced around 20 million tons of cassava per year with total area of plantation around 1.2 million ha (Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Indonesia, 2009). Recently, there is a

The effect of amphipilic lignin derivatives addition on enzymatic hydrolysis performance of kraft pulp from sorghum bagasse

Previously, the chemical characteristics of isolated lignin from Acacia mangium black liquor of kraft pulping was characterized. This lignin was blended with natural rubber latex (NR-L) as adhesive in laminated wood. In addition, lignin has potency for biosurfactant materials by modification of the hydrophobic into hydrophilic properties. Therefore, this study was intended to develop lignin as material for amphipilic lignin derivatives (A-LD) biosurfactant by reacting lignin with epoxilated polyethylene glicol (PEG). A-LD addition in slurries was used to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of kraft pulp sweet bagasse sorghum (SSB). The main observation in EH performance was to investigate the effect of lignin isolation method (one and two step) in A-LD and A-LD loading addition on reducing sugar yield (RSY) of SSB kraft pulp. The pulp was hydrolyzed at 50°C and 150 rpm for 72 h with 10 FPU cellulase loading in the shaking incubator. A-LD from one (L1S) and two step (L2S) lignin was added with A-LD loading of 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10% (b/v). The RSY of hydrolyzate has been observed after EH. A-LDs addition in EH of SSB kraft pulp enhanced RSY. L1S worked better in reaction performance with PEDGE compared to L2S and LS. A better performance was showed by PEDGE 500 than that of PEDGE 6000. Generally, the higher A-LDs loading resulted higher RSY. The highest RSY (81.33%) was resulted in addition of 10% A-LD L1S using PEDGE 500. A 5% A-LD loading was more considered to be added in EH because the RSY was comparable with 10% A-LD loading.

Xylanase and feruloyl esterase from actinomycetes cultures could enhance sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis in the production of fermentable sugars

Abstract The addition of enzymes that are capable of degrading hemicellulose has a potential to reduce the need for commercial enzymes during biomass hydrolysis in the production of fermentable sugars. In this study, a high xylanase producing actinomycete strain (Kitasatospora sp. ID06-480) and the first ethyl ferulate producing actinomycete strain (Nonomuraea sp. ID06-094) were selected from 797 rare actinomycetes, respectively, which were isolated in Indonesia. The addition (30%, v/v) of a crude enzyme supernatant from the selected strains in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis with low-level loading (1 FPU/g-biomass) of Cellic® CTec2 enhanced both the released amount of glucose and reducing sugars. When the reaction with Ctec2 was combined with crude enzymes containing either xylanase or feruloyl esterase, high conversion yield of glucose from cellulose at 60.5% could be achieved after 72 h-saccharification. Xylanase and feruloyl esterase produced by actinomycetes that cotanined in culture supernatants could enhance sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis with low loading commercial CTec2 enzyme.

Reducing sugar production of sweet sorghum bagasse kraft pulp

Kraft pulping of sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) has been used for effective delignification method for cellulose production. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance pulp kraft of SSB for reducing sugar production. The study intended to investigate the effect of active alkali and sulfidity loading variation of SSB pulp kraft on reducing sugar yield per biomass. The SSB pulp was prepared after pulping using three variations of active alkali (17, 19, and 22%) and sulfidity loading (20, 22, and 24%) at 170°C for 4 h with liquor to wood ratio of 10. A total of 9 pulps were obtained from these pretreatments. Delignification pretreatment has been succesfully removed lignin and hemicellulose more than 90% and 50%, respectively. Increasing active alkali and sulfidity loading has significantly increased lignin removal caused by disruption of the cell wall structure for releasing lignin into black liquor in the cellulose extraction. The enzymatic hydrolysis of pulp was carried out with cellulase loading of...

Chemical characterization of lignin from kraft pulping black liquor of Acacia mangium

In order to know the proper use of lignin derived from pulping process of A. mangium, it is important to study the characteristics of lignin obtained from this species. The objective of this research was to study the characteristics of lignin isolated from kraft pulping black liquor of A. mangium. Lignin was isolated from the black liquor by single step and two step acid precipitation. The lignins were characterized for their moisture, ash, acid soluble lignin (ASL), and acid insoluble lignin (AIL) contents. Elemental composition, FTIR spectra, UV spectra, and microscopic structure using SEM were also analyzed. The yield of lignin obtained through one step precipitation of black liquor (45.76%) was much higher than that through two step precipitation (7.38%), while ash contents of lignin from one step and two step precipitations were almost the same. Ultimate analysis shows that carbon content in lignin from one step precipitation was lower than that from two step precipitation, while hydrogen, oxygen, ni...

CHARACTERIZATION AND MICROWAVE-ASSISTED HYDROLYSIS OF SAGO STARCH TO PRODUCE MALTODEXTRIN

Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) starch is one of potential sources of starch in Indonesia; however, it has not been widely used as industrial raw material for modified starch, such as maltodextrin, which has higher added value than the native sago starch. The aim of this study was to develop the processing technology of maltodextrin production from sago starch using microwave irradiation. The addition of activated carbon had a significant effect on the sugar produced in the microwave-assisted hydrolysis. The longer the duration of microwave irradiation the higher the total dissolved solids in the filtrate, and the lower the pH values. The increase of the microwave power level from 550 to 770 W significantly affected sugar content of the hydrolysates. Suitable Dextrose Equivalent (DE) value of maltodextrin (?20) can be obtained after hydrolysis for 10 to 12 minutes at the power level of 550 W or 6 to 8 minutes at the power level of 770 W.