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Potential utilization of cassava pulp for ethanol production in Indonesia

Cassava is one of the major crops produced in Indonesia. Cassava grows in all provinces in Indonesia. In the last decade, even though cassava plantation area is decreased, cassava production and its productivity in Indonesia have been on the increase steadily. The tendency of using cassava for ethanol production would affect supply of cassava for food. Cassava pulp, a by- product of tapioca industry is one of the potential biomass that can be used for ethanol production because it contains starch and fiber in significant amounts which could be further converted to ethanol. A large scale of tapioca plant having production capacity of 20 ton tapioca flour per day has a potency to produce 8.7 kL of ethanol per day. Conversion of cassava pulp to ethanol can be accomplished through different kinds of processes such as physical, chemical, biological process or combinations of those processes. The utilization of cassava pulp for ethanol production would be beneficial since the material is abundantly and continuously available in many big tapioca industries and could help in solving the problem of waste disposal of tapioca industry. However, comprehensive studies are still needed for establishment of bioethanol industry from cassava pulp. Key words: Cassava, cassava pulp, utilization, starch, fiber, ethanol. INTRODUCTION Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) is one of the important crops in the world. Global production of cassava reached 228.14 million tons in 2007 (Wuttiwai, 2009). Nigeria and Brazil were the two most leading cassava producers. Cassava is also one of the major crops in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and in Indonesia. According to Wuttiwai (2009), Thailand was so far the third largest cassava producers with a total production of 26 million tons. On the other hand, Indonesia produced around 20 million tons of cassava per year with total area of plantation around 1.2 million ha (Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Indonesia, 2009). Recently, there is a

Pengembangan Model Bisnis pada Lokawisata Baturaden Menggunakan Business Model Canvas

Reverse osmosis (RO) system is a system that capable in generating pure water at the purity level of 99.99%. The superiority of this system is pure water with high level oxygen contained therein that could strengthen cells and organs of the body, also increasing the body resistance and healing system. The objectives of this study are as follows : (1) To study the feasibility of ozonisation purify system; (2) To analyze financial feasibility at the side of production, marketing and mixed marketing as well as operational management. The method used in this study is a case study with descriptive analysis (quantitative or qualitative). Data analyzing and processing were carried out by Microsoft Excel application, performed in tabulation form. The investment capital which is required for AMDIU based RO system scope business is for the amount of Rp. 153.300.000,-, while for AMDIU based ozonisation system required the amount of capital for Rp. 99.700.000,-. Financial feasibility criteria for AMDIU based RO system has PBP value (2.42 years), BEP (38.330 galon), NPV obtained for 4 years is Rp. 11.218.921,60, B/C ratio (1.09) and IRR (17.91%). The selling price decreasing of AMDIU based RO system technology is 10% and production cost increasing will remain reasonable to be efforted, while at AMDIU based ozonisation technology system the 10% decreasing of selling price makes business unworthed to be executed. The other alternatives of policy for AMDIU business development are : (1) Increase distribution net productivity effort with material or industry product supplier company in order to increase selling; (2) To be really pay attention on quality and product continuity (3) To increase cooperation with banking institution and to take benefit from capitalization facilities in order to strengthen investment capital and working capital.The objective of this study was to observe the application of system quality management (SQM) at PT Sapukurata Kharisma by applying eight principles of quality management as well as the effect on the improvement of PT Sapukurata Kharisma performance. In this study, data and information was collected, and the observation to analyze the factors that affect the dynamics of the company performance was also conducted. In this study, work questionnaire method was used as an instrument, meanwhile descriptive analysis was used for data processing. This study showed that PT Sapukurata Kharisma was a small-medium enterprise which had been applying SQM since 2002. Based on the average questionnaire, the percentage of SQM application at PT. Sapukurata Kharisma in 2004 was 77.50%. The details of the study could be described further as follow : companyA¢â‚¬â„¢s customer orientation was 69.14%, leadership level was 90.86%, employee involvement was 72.67%, process approach was 77.71%, approach system in management was 80%, continual innovation was 86.14%, data and information-based decision making was 90.86% and mutual relationship with suppliers was 53.71%. The companyA¢â‚¬â„¢s profit increased by 13.23% in average per year from 2001 to 2004, average profit margin was 6.93% per year. There were also improvements at the human resource manager level through ISO 9000 training, quality awareness, computer, strategic management, tax and financial analysis. Based on the results of the data analysis, we concluded that the SQM application is the most important factor in the company dynamics with score 5; the second factor is the competition of the cleaning appliance products namely 3.8; the third factor is capital increase, score 3; the fourth factor is the political and economic condition of a country, score 2 and the fifth is human resources factors, score 1. Based on the results of the SQM application analysis in the company, it is found that there is a significant increase in the company performance (total value and profit). The analysis of dynamic factors affecting a company performance suggests that there is a positive correlation between the application of SQM and a company performance.Melastoma affine plant has effect on health such as curing wound and toothache, also as an antimalarial drug. The fruit of this plant is purple and probably contain secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols and flavonoids. The total amount of both compounds may be different in unripe and ripe fruit. The aims of this research were to analyze secondary metabolite compounds and determine total phenol and total flavonoid of Melastoma affine fruit extract. The samples used in this study were unripe and ripe Melastoma affine fruits. Both of samples were extracted by three different solvents (water, 70% ethanol, and 96% ethanol) and obtained 6 extracts. Based on phytochemical test, each extract from unripe and ripe Melastoma affine fruit contained alkaloid, triterpenoid, flavonoid, phenol, and tanin. The extract with highest total phenols was 70% ethanolic extract from unripe fruit (189.56 mg/g GAE), while the extract with highest total flavonoids was 96% ethanolic extract from unripe fruit (225.50 mg/g CE). Based on this result, we conclude that unripe fruit of Melastoma affine has more total phenols and total flavonoids than ripe fruit.CV. Harbinan is a producer of the hang locked which is on artistic material, using scorpion and other insect as models. This company is the kind of small and medium enterprise which can accelerate the development of economic through a role in increasing the national income and to suport the structure of national industry. The method used in this case is a, descriptive analysis to show the real condition, analyzed by SWOT, to know strengths-weaknesses (SW), opportunities and threats (OT). The development of the technique accumulate data through library research method, interview with the personel of the company asking specific question comply with the research. The result of the interview showed that CV. Harbinan is a small and medium enterprise has produce 21.000 hang locked per month with sale about Rp. 535,500,000 per month. Production of CV. Harbinan relies on customer necessity and made more to order. Based on Matrix IE, CV Harbinan exists in the cell V which is described as held and maintance area, so a strategy at that condition is intensive strategy (market penetration or developing product). SWOT analysis based on internal and external factor could find the total score matrix IFE which was 2,505(factory had average internal position) and total score matrix EFE was 2,073 (factory had medium external position).During the economic crisis, agriculture was the sector that was able to survive and overcome the crisis. The sub-sector of fisheries had the opportunity to contribute to the growth of the Indonesian economy. The fishery products of Indonesia have strong demand in domestic, regional, and international markets. The interdependency between big agricultural enterprises and fishermen in developing fisheries will improve efficiency as well as business opportunities and income through partnership. Partnership is performed to make use of the economic scale condition, where marketing activities and the provision of production facilities will be more efficient when they are performed by a big business scale, and the production activities are more efficient when they are performed by a small business scale. One form of the partnership between a big agribusiness and a small one is the partnership between XYZ Inc. and the fishermen of Muara Angke, which is based on mutual willingness to create efficiency and benefit, as well as to support the government program in empowering small and medium entrepreneurs, and co-operatives. In the partnership between XYZ Inc. and the fishermen of Muara Angke, the fishermen perform their role to catch fish while XYZ Inc. acts as the advisor and the agent to market the products. The enterprise puts its great attention to the improvement of the fishermenA¢â‚¬â„¢s capability; thus, it offers a number of assistance in the form of either technical and managerial guidance, or financial assistance. According to the results of the analysis using logistic regression, the factors affecting the fishermenA¢â‚¬â„¢s decision to continue the partnership are the ages of fishermen, their experience, the level of education, the status of ship ownership, the production volume generated by the fishermen and their involvement in the group. Through the partnership, the fishermen get a number of benefits, such as: (1) obtaining capital assistance, (2) gaining facilities in selling their products, (3) receiving cash for their products sold, (4) getting assurance that XYZ Inc. accommodates all the fish they catch. Similarly, the benefits that XYZ Inc. gets include: (1) getting assurance that the fish supply is continually available, (2) receiving profit from selling the fish and providing production facilities for fishermen, (3) getting credit facilities from the bank. From the analysis on the conditions of partnership agents, it is revealed that the condition of the enterprise tends to show its strengths on the factors of marketing, finance, and human resources, while its weaknesses lie on the management, technology, marketing and capital. From the analysis on the selection of partnership patterns between the two agents, it is known that the partnership pattern is nucleus A¢â‚¬â€œ plasma. Such nucleus A¢â‚¬â€œ plasma pattern is considered to be the most effective by both agents, considering the conditions of the farmers who still need assistance from the enterprise in terms of production facilities, and both technical and non-technical guidance from the enterprises considered to have more experience in running fishery business on a big scale. Moreover, the fishermen also want to have assurance in the market demand especially when their catch is abundant. In practice, the nucleus A¢â‚¬â€œ plasma partnership pattern between the enterprise and fishermen requires operational monitoring by making written agreement between both parties cooperating. This written agreement not only states the rights and duties of each agent, but also includes the partnership regulations that state the type of products the fishermen will sell to their enterprise partner, the quality standard, the amount and the period of sale, means of collecting and transporting, setting prices, payment method and sanction or fine for any breakage of the agreement.Based on past perfomance of XYZ Bank, the absorption of SME loan are setting lower for almost last five years. Its Lower SME loan realize that given by XYZ Bank compared with specified goals show the importance of the study, because from result of survey conducted by XYZ Bank to business centre got existing business XYZ Bank lower of loan market share. For that conducted analysis of SME loan to develop marketing strategy in Business Centre of Cipulir, Jakarta. The objectives of this study are : (1) Identifying potency of loan exist in Sentra Business of Market Cipulir, (2) Calculating estimation of market potency XYZ Bank of exist in Sentra Business Cipulir Market by using amount of loan given approach, (3) Identifying factors becoming elementary constraint in development of credit at Sentra Business of Market Cipulir, and also (4) Compiling of efficient and effective marketing strategy through Cluster Pattern. Business Centre in general is place gather business unit in one area geografic of business and conceived of Cluster. Cluster analysis is an technique used to classify events or target into group which is same relative by certain criteria. Survey conducted in cluster of Cipulir market with 336 responder at random. This matter to know characteristic of business in sentra. Pursuant to result of conducted analysis, obtained : (1) Potency of SME loan in Business Sentra of Market Cipulir Rp. 162 Billion, so that assessed very mean to become goals to Bank XYZ in improving or developing volume of SME loan, (2) Estimation of XYZ Bank market share in Business Sentra of Cipulir Market is very small (0,97%), showing to weaken market penetration and acquisition market conducted by XYZ Bank, (3) Existing constraints in the form of service, conditions of loan and guarantee constraint, (4) Strategy becoming priority to be done is through penetration and acquisition of market with Pattern of Cluster, doing activity of promotion consistenly, optimize of existing Small Business Centre and work along with BPR/KOPERASI in lending to merchant at Cipulir Market. While which must be allowed for to guarantee continuity of development SME credit is : (1) Extending network of marketing around sentra business, (2) Exploiting technological progress to increase assess to sell credit product, (3) Giving incentive to all marketing officer capable to reach goals of loan in sentra business, and (4) Developing simply credit analyse model with standard conditions and accomodate cordage of guarantee of exist in sentra of the business.Quite big potentials of micro entrepreneur community have not been exploited by formal banking practices due to unbankable market and other accompanying weaknesses. In practice, the micro segments of non-standard banking can survive from the crisis better than the sectors falling under the standard banking. Before the crisis in 1997, most of the credit portfolios in BNI was allocated to finance middle scale and big scale entrepreneurs, while the bank seemed to barely assist the micro entrepreneurs through its credits. In fact, the micro entrepreneurs could survive in 1997. Based on the existing facts, and in line with the letter of establishment of the board of directors of PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. No. KP/041/DIR/R dated 27 February 2002, Micro Bank Unit was established to take care of the need of micro entrepreneurs both for fund and for banking services. The 2001 yearly report of BNI shows that medium and small scale businesses have relatively greater survival rates in facing crisis, which can be shown in the following credit composition : Year Segment Percentage (%) 2000 Corporate 68.75 Small and Medium Scale 31.25 2001 Corporate 63.10 Small and Medium Scale 36.90 In 2003 the credit composition above was expected to be equal with the percentage of 50 % each. As of 31 October, 2002 the outstanding micro credit of BNI was as much as IDR 113 billion or 78.65 % of the target and in December it was IDR 144 billion, with the collectibility rate of 99.37 %, with the number of customers reaching 12.308 and the number of ULM as many as 76 units. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning (STP) were analyzed based on the results of 500 questionnaires distributed through the branch offices to determine the marketing strategies of micro credit. The tools and strategies are as follows : 1) The organization administering micro credit, 2) Micro credit profile, 3) The marketing areas of micro credit, 4) The analysis tools, using the concept of 2C (character and capacity), 5) The street banker model, which is a blend of money lenders, pawn shops and commercial banks, 6) The street banker work ethics that are appropriate with the culture and character of each region, 7) The marketing strategies of micro credit A¢â‚¬â€œ both organic and inorganic.

Optimization of the Fish OilEnzymatic Hydrolysis Degreeto Produce Omega-3 UsingResponse Surface Method

Lemuru fish oil is source of unsaturated fatty acids omega-3 which is good for health. Many studies have been carried out to enriche omega-3 fatty acids as food additives. In order to maximize production of omega-3, optimization of the effect factors in producing omega-3 need to be done. Response surface method (RSM) is a preferred method for developing and analyzing the response influenced by those factors so that it can optimize the response. The research was conducted with the aim of optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis of fish oil using lipase from Aspergillus niger by varying the reaction factors such as: temperature, pH, addition of water, and stirring speed by RSM as the research design. Optimal results were found when the temperature was 44.7oC, pH was 5.01, water added was as much as 5.04% v/v, and stirring speed was 210.48 rpm. Design expert 7 was used in calculating the optimum responses. It was predicted that the value of hydrolysis rate was 51.74%, but the verification result showed 50.93%. The difference beetwen the predicted result and the verification result was less than 5%, indicating that the model is feasibly predictable to calculate the precentage of hydrolysis of lemuru fish oil.

Antibacterial activities of leave extracts as bactericides for soaking of skin or hide

Antibacteria, a subtance inhibiting the growth of bacteria, can be obtained from tropical-almond (Terminalia catappa), morinda (Morinda citrifolia), and white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala) plants, since the plants have phytochemical content functioning as antibacterial agent. Commonly, part of plant that contains higher antibacterial substances is its leaf. The objectives of this study were to determine antibacterial activity of tropical-almond, morinda, and white leadtree leaves extracts, and to analyse the potency of the three extracts as natural bactericide for soaking of skin or hide. The responses measured in this study were phytochemical contents, total flavonoid, tannin content, the inhibition zone, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Phytochemical contents containing the three leaves extracts were alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, phenolic, and glycoside. Total flavonoid and tannin contents of the three extracts were tropical-almond extract of 1.14 % and 1.51 %, respectively; morinda extract of 0.61 % and 0.36 %, respectively; and white leadtree extract of 0.60 % and 4.82 %, respectively. White leadtree leaf extract gave the highest inhibition zone against B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli, i.e. 1.50, 1.3, and 1.65 cm, respectively; and the lowest MIC and MBC against B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli, i.e. 1500, 3000, and 1500 μg/ml, respectively. Therefore, the white leadtree leave extract had more potential as bactericide for soaking of skin or hide compared to those of the tropical-almond and morinda leaves extracts.

The potency of plant extracts as antimicrobials for the skin or hide preservation

Preservation of skin or hide uses antimicrobial that will be disposed in wastewater in the skin or hide processing resulting in the environmental pollution. Extracts of some types of plants contain some antimicrobial substances which are potential to be used as biocides for the preservation of skin or hide and are more environmentally friendly. The objectives of this study were to determine the phytochemical contents of moringa, cucumber tree or wuluh starfruit, cherry, and white leadtree or lamtoro leaves and to analyse the antibacterial activities of the plant extracts against microorganisms that cause spoilage of skin or hide. Phytochemical constituents of the dried plant leaves were extracted by 70% ethanol. The resulting extracts were analysed their phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activities against gram negative and gram positive bacteria (inhibition zone test) by well diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Phytochemic...

Mocaf cross-linking with gluten to improve the quality of mocaf dough

Crosslink between mocaf and gluten is conducted to increase the using of mocaf which has very big potential in Indonesia. The effort of cross-linking between mocaf and gluten is to get mocaf flour with better dough quality. This study aims to produce a cross-linked mocaf-gluten flour and to evaluate the influence of heating temperature (X1) and the addition of gluten concentration (X2) using completely randomized design factorial (RAFL). The cross-linking is carried out in alkaline solution with 10%, 20%, and 30% gluten addition and heating temperature at 50, 55, and 60 °C. The result showed that mocaf – gluten flour with the treatment of 30% gluten addition at 55 °C had the largest amount of protein and baking expansion (i.e 19.77% and 2.78 mL/g). Swelling power of the flour was increasing along with the increasing of water absorbing capacity of the mocaf – gluten flour. Birefringence properties of mocaf – gluten flour tended to be reduced as the increasing heating temperature. FTIR analysis of mocaf – g...

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DAN RESIN NYAMPLUNG DENGAN CAMPURAN PELARUT HEKSAN-ETANOL

Calophyllum seeds are potential to be used as raw material for vegetable oil production due to their high oil content ( 75.1 % db ). In addition, C alophyllum seeds contain resin consisting beneficial phenolic compound s for health. In this study, C alophyllum seeds were extracted using hexane-ethanol mixture to investigate oil and resin yields and their physicochemical properties , and to obtain the best process condition in oil and resin production from C alophyllum seeds. Experiment was carried out using r andomized c omplete d esign with three factors, i.e. extraction time s (5-7 h ), temperature s (40-50°C) , and hexane to ethanol ratio s ( 2 : 4 , 3:3 and 4 : 2 ). The result of variance analysis showed that extraction time and hexane to ethanol ratio affected significantly on oil and resin yield s , density, acid and iod value s, whereas temperature influenced only on oil yield , density and acid value . Best oil (58.2%) and resin (16.2%) yields were respectively obtained at 5h extraction time, 50°C temperature and 4:2 hexane to ethanol ratio, and 5hextraction time, 4 0°C temperature and 2:4 hexane to ethanol ratio. At these optimum conditions, the oil had acid value of 1 4 . 89 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 60.75 g iodine/100 g , viscosity (25 °C ) of 71 . 46 mPa.s, and density (25 °C ) of 0.8 6 g/ cm 3 . On the other hand, t he resin had acid value of 1 33 . 76 mg KOH/g. Keywords: C alophyllum, extraction, ethanol , hexane, oil, resin