Eunézio A. Thoroh de Souza

Unusual Angular Dependence of the Raman Response in Black Phosphorus

Anisotropic materials are characterized by a unique optical response, which is highly polarization-dependent. Of particular interest are layered materials formed by the stacking of two-dimensional (2D) crystals that are naturally anisotropic in the direction perpendicular to the 2D planes. Black phosphorus (BP) is a stack of 2D phosphorene crystals and a highly anisotropic semiconductor with a direct band gap. We show that the angular dependence of polarized Raman spectra of BP is rather unusual and can be explained only by considering complex values for the Raman tensor elements. This result can be traced back to the electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions in this material.

40 Gb/s RZ DQPSK transmission with SPM and ASE suppression by dispersion management

We demonstrate a 40 Gb/s RZ DQPSK single channel transmission over 2900 km of SMF, using a 40 GHz bandwidth optical receiver filter to suppress ASE and improve OSNR. The interaction of SPM and accumulated dispersion is evaluated by minutely system dispersion management. Additionally, we successfully employ a 10 channel DWDM ranging from 1560.20 nm to 1563.86 nm at 40 Gb/s RZ DQPSK and 50 GHz of channel spacing over 1000 km, without raman amplification or special polarization multiplex.

Transfer of an exfoliated monolayer graphene flake onto an optical fiber end face for erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locking

This paper presents, for the first time, the successful transfer of exfoliated monolayer graphene flake to the optical fiber end face and alignment to its core. By fabricating and optimizing a polymeric poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) substrate, it is possible to obtain a contrast of up to 11% for green light illumination, allowing the identification of monolayer graphene flakes that were transferred to optical fiber samples and aligned to its core. With Raman spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that graphene flake completely covers the optical fiber core, and its quality remains unaltered after the transfer. The generation of mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser pulses, with a duration of 672 fs, with a single-monolayer graphene flake as a saturable absorber, is demonstrated for the first time. This transfer technique is of general applicability and can be used for other two-dimensional (2D) exfoliated materials.

Explaining simultaneous dual-band carbon nanotube mode-locking Erbium-doped fiber laser by net gain cross section variation

In this paper we report the pulse evolution of a simultaneously mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser at 1556-nm-band and 1533-nm-band. We explain the dual wavelength laser operation by means of net gain cross section variations caused by the population inversion rate dependence on the pump power. At 1556-nm-band, we observed pulse duration of 370 fs with bandwidth of 8.50 nm and, for pump power higher than 150 mW, we observe the rise of a CW and mode-locked laser, sequentially, at 1533-nm-band. We show that both bands are simultaneously mode-locked and operate at different repetition rates.

200-fs mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser by using mechanically exfoliated MoS 2 saturable absorber onto D-shaped optical fiber

For the first time, we demonstrated the fabrication of mechanically exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) samples deposited onto a D-shaped optical fiber. The MoS2 exfoliated flakes were deposited onto a stacked of 1.2 µm PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and 300 nm PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) layers and then transferred directly onto a side polished surface of D-shaped optical fiber with polishing length of 17 mm and no distance from the fiber core. The sample exhibited a high polarization performance as a polarizer with relative polarization extinction ratio of 97.5%. By incorporating the sample as a saturable absorber in the Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL), bandwidth of 20.5 nm and pulse duration of 200 fs were generated, which corresponded to the best mode-locking results obtained for all-fiber MoS2 saturable absorber at 1.5 µm wavelength.

Influence of Carbon Nanotubes Saturable Absorbers Diameter on Mode-Locking Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Performance

We present a study about the influence of saturable absorbers single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) diameter on the passive mode-locking Erbium doped fiber laser performance. We used several samples of CNT with different mean diameters (from 0.8 to 1.4 nm) and distributions to fabricated CNT/polymer films. Films with 1.0 nm mean diameter CNT showed best results in terms of larger laser bandwidths and shorter pulse durations, compared to the other CNT samples used in our experiments. This result is due to the fact that 1.0 nm diameter CNT absorption energy gap (∼0.8 eV) is close to the photon energy of operating Erbium-doped fiber laser wavelength (∼1557 nm). Laser bandwidths up to 8.7 nm and pulse durations as short as 0.55 ps were obtained.

Raman Mapping Characterization of All-Fiber CVD Monolayer Graphene Saturable Absorbers for Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Mode Locking

We present a study on the characterization and quality evaluation of all-fiber chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene saturable absorber samples for Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) mode locking. Optical fiber end faces covered by CVD graphene were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, and classification criteria related to graphene Raman bands properties were adopted in order to evaluate samples quality. The analysis revealed that for all samples, the fiber core was 100% covered by graphene, with 88% average monolayer graphene coverage, and 82% low defect graphene coverage. Graphene samples were used as saturable absorbers in EDFL, and soliton-like pulses as short as 599 fs were generated, with average pulse duration of 620 ± 10 fs among all samples.

Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide as saturable absorbers onto D-shaped fibers for sub 200-fs EDFL mode-locking

We present high mode-locking performances from an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) by using graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) as saturable absorbers (SA) deposited onto the polished surface of a D-shaped optical fiber. The samples were prepared with different concentrations and its characterization was performed by using an optical microscope, a Raman spectrometer, nonlinear saturable absorption measurements, polarization setup, and laser mode-locking analysis. As a 1550-nm polarizer, the best GO (r-GO) samples exhibited higher polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 7.94 (7.65) dB, corresponding to 84 (83) %, both showing similar graphene TE absorption behavior. In a managed-intracavity dispersion laser, broadest bandwidths of 27.2 and 24.1 nm and the corresponding shortest pulse duration of 190 fs could be generated when incorporating the SA with high modulation depth (above 20%), being so far the best mode-locking results ever reported in the literature for GO and r-GO SA onto D-shaped optical fibers in EDFL.

Controlled stacking of graphene monolayer saturable absorbers for ultrashort pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber lasers

Stacked chemical-vapour deposited (CVD) graphene monolayer samples were fabricated and applied as saturable absorbers in erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). Transient absorption experiments show that at the saturation absorption regime, and regardless the number of stacked layers (from 1 to 5 layers), samples present 1 ps recovery time. Pulses with duration from 0.60 to 1.17 ps were generated in an EDFL, depending on the number of graphene layers (i.e., the linear optical absorption) used. The results show that it is possible to increase the linear optical absorption of a graphene stacking without affecting its nonlinear optical behavior and ultrafast response time. Therefore, by stacking individual CVD-monolayer graphene samples it is possible to control the optical properties in graphene-based EDFLs and simultaneously tune their ultra-short pulse generation.

In-Field and in-Laboratory 50 km Ultralong Erbium Fiber Laser with Soliton Pulse Compression

We demonstrated an in-field and in-laboratory 50 km ultralong Erbium fiber laser actively mode locked with repetition rate varying from 1 to 10 GHz where the output pulse widths were determined by the soliton regime.