EunKyung Chung

Image needs in the context of image use: An exploratory study

As a way of understanding the image needs of users, researchers in the image retrieval field have investigated contextual factors affecting image needs and search behaviours. In terms of both general users’ groups and non-domain-specific collections on the web, the purpose of this study is to investigate how image needs are interwoven with intended uses which are in varying degrees of image use purposes. Thus, the image-seeking questions posted in a social Q&A service were analysed for their content. The findings of this study indicate that image uses as sources of objects are found more frequently than image uses as sources of data. Moreover, in order to analyse a more detailed underlying structure of image needs and uses, image attributes were examined in terms of three categories including semantics (e.g. ofness and aboutness), non-visual features (e.g. bibliographic information) and syntactic features (e.g. focal point). This study indicates that abstract attributes and specific attributes were distinctively recognized depending on image uses, even though proportion generic attributes were found more frequently. Users are likely to seek images using abstract attributes when they intend to use images as sources of object and specific attributes when using the images as sources of data. More importantly, among the contextual attributes, a similarity component was found to be a universal attribute that was used in all seven image uses, while the attributes in the non-visual and syntactic categories were not frequently used. The findings of this study can be applied to image retrieval systems in terms of improving image indexing practices and expanding search interfaces.

Evidence of a stepwise acyl-transfer reaction mechanism: Nonlinear Hammett plots for reactions of p-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with hydroxide and p-chlorophenoxide

Abstract The Hammett plots obtained for the title reactions exhibit a break, i.e. ϱ acyl values decrease from 2.21∼2.44 to 1.45∼1.52 as the acyl substituent becomes a strong electron withdrawing group ( σ >0.6). Such a break in the Hammett plots is suggestive of a change in the reaction mechanism and strong evidence of a stepwise mechanism for the acyl-transfer reaction.

An Exploratory Investigation on Visual Cues for Emotional Indexing of Image

ABSTRACT Given that emotion-based computing environment has grown recent ly, it is necessary to focus on emotional access and use of multimedia resources including images. The purpose of this study aims to identify the visual cues for emotion in images. In order to achieve it, this study selected five basic emotions such as love, happiness, sadness, fear , and anger and interviewed twenty participants to demonstrate the visual cues for emotions. A total of 620 visual cues mentioned by part icipants were collected from the interview results and coded according to five categories and 18 sub-categ ories for visual cues. Findings of this study showed that facial expressions, actions/behaviors, and syntacti c features were found to be significant in terms of perceiving a specific emotion of the image. An individ ual emotion from visual cues demonstrated distinctive characteristics. The emotion of love showed a highe r relation with visual cues such as actions and behaviors, and the happy emotion is substantially related t o facial expressions. In addition, the sad emotion was found to be perceived primarily through actions and behaviors and the fear emotion is perceived considerably through facial expressions. The anger emotion is h ighly related to syntactic features such as lines, shapes, and sizes. Findings of this study implicated that emotional indexing could be effective when content-based features were considered in combination with concept-based features.키워드: 이미지 검색, 감정, 감정색인, 이미지 색인, 시각적 요인Image Retreival, Emotion, Emotional Indexing, Image Indexing, V isual Cue

A Comparative Analysis on Multiple Authorship Counting for Author Co-citation Analysis

As co-authorship has been prevalent within science communities, counting the credit of co-authors appropriately is an important consideration, particularly in the context of identifying the knowledge structure of fields with author-based analysis. The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of co-author credit counting methods by utilizing correlations, multidimensional scaling, and pathfinder networks. To achieve this purpose, this study analyzed a dataset of 2,014 journal articles and 3,892 cited authors from the Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea: Planning & Design from 2003 to 2008 in the field of Architecture in Korea. In this study, six different methods of crediting co-authors are selected for comparative analyses. These methods are first-author counting (m1), straight full counting (m2), and fractional counting (m3), proportional counting with a total score of 1 (m4), proportional counting with a total score between 1 and 2 (m5), and first-author-weighted fractional counting (m6). As shown in the data analysis, m1 and m2 are found as extreme opposites, since m1 counts only first authors and m2 assigns all co-authors equally with a credit score of 1. With correlation and multidimensional scaling analyses, among five counting methods (from m2 to m6), a group of counting methods including m3, m4, and m5 are found to be relatively similar. When the knowledge structure is visualized with pathfinder network, the knowledge structure networks from different counting methods are differently presented due to the connections of individual links. In addition, the internal validity shows that first-author-weighted fractional counting (m6) might be considered a better method to author clustering. Findings demonstrate that different co-author counting methods influence the network results of knowledge structure and a better counting method is revealed for author clustering.

Understanding Scientific Research Lifecycle: Based on Bio- and Nano-Scientists` Research Activities

This study aimed to identify the entire lifecycle of research projects in science and technology. Specifically, it attempted to reveal major research steps and research activities from the beginning to the end of R&D projects. It also investigated information needs, source use and problems scientists encounter in each research step. In-depth interviews with 24 Korean scientists in the fields of bio- and nano-science and technology revealed five major steps of lifecycle, namely idea formation, seeking funding, experiment and analysis, output disseminations, and evaluation. We further identified specific information behaviors and salient communication and research tools in each step.

Scientists` Information Behavior for Bridging the Gaps Encountered in the Process of the Scientific Research Lifecycle

This study analyzed scientists information behaviors when they engage in solving specific research problems in various situations throughout the entire scientific R&D lifecycle process. In-depth interviews with a total of 24 scientists were conducted in their research laboratories, the scientists` everyday workplace and the contexts of scientific research. The theoretical and methodological frameworks employed for this study were Dervin`s Sense-making, Savolainen`s Everyday Life Information Seeking, and Engestrom`s Activity Theory. The findings of this study informed context-specific research and information behaviors of the scientists in the 14 sub stages of the five-stage of R&D lifecycle. Specifically, the study revealed the research objectives and related information behaviors (e.g., information needs, information seeking, information sources and channels, information barriers, etc.) to achieve the objectives at each sub-stage. The study results provided essential information to re-design the information services and strategies that accommodate the scientific R&D lifecycle.

An Exploratory Analysis of International Students’ Information Needs and Uses

Focusing on information behaviours in the context of everyday life, this study seeks to explore the information needs and uses of international students—one of the fastest-growing student groups within the university—in their daily activities. Using data from 60 respondents to the survey questionnaire and a total of 263 information activities from the online diary survey of 28 participants, this study investigated four research questions regarding information needs, information sources, the digital devices used for information searches, and the relationships between information needs, information sources, and digital devices in international students’ daily information environments. The findings demonstrate that international students with diverse information needs sought information from a wide range of information sources, including search engines and human-mediated sources, using portable digital devices for their information searches. This study revealed that participants used different information sources and digital devices depending on the type of information needs. The findings provide useful insights into the information services available to international students in a higher education context.Les étudiants internationaux constituent une des populations dont la croissance est la plus forte aux États-Unis. Cette étude, en mettant l’accent sur ses comportements informationnels dans le contexte de la vie quotidienne, se propose d’explorer les besoins informationnels des étudiants internationaux et l’utilisation qu’ils en font dans leurs activités quotidiennes. À partir des données provenant de 60 répondants au questionnaire d’enquête et un total de 263 activités d’information obtenues par l’enquête du journal en ligne de 28 participants, notre étude a examiné quatre questions de recherche : les besoins informationnels, les sources d’information, les appareils numériques utilisés pour la recherche d’information, et les relations entre les besoins informationnels, les sources d’information, et les appareils numériques utilisés dans les environnements informationnels quotidiens des étudiants internationaux. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que les étudiants internationaux avec divers besoins d’information ont utilisé un large éventail de sources d’information, y compris des moteurs de recherche et des sources utilisant une médiation humaine, et qu’ils ont utilisé des appareils numériques portables pour leurs recherches d’information. Notre étude a révélé que les participants ont utilisé des sources d’information et des appareils numériques différents selon le type de besoin d’information, et elle fournit des indications utiles sur les services d’information disponibles pour les étudiants internationaux dans le contexte de l’enseignement supérieur.

Domain Analysis on Economics by Utilizing Cocitation Analysis of Multiple Authorship

The author co-citation analysis is generally based on the frequency of the first author because most citation databases include only the first author in the bibliographic information. In this sense, the purpose of this study is to provide a better knowledge structure by utilizing the multiple authorship of author co-citation analysis. To achieve the purpose of this study, four different data sets are prepared: (1) counting the first author, (2) counting all the author without limiting the total frequency, (3) counting all the author with limiting the total frequency, and (4) counting adjusted frequencies based on the order of author subscription. The findings of this study show that there are clear differences between the knowledge structure counting all the author and the one counting only the first author. In addition, depending on the different methods, there are subtle changes of cluster members for authors.

A categorical comparison between user-supplied tags and web search queries for images

Although social tagging has received attention in the LIS field as a promising information organization mechanism, there is little research comparing user-supplied tags and search queries. For using user-supplied tags as an alternative or supplementary tool for existing image representation schemes, there should be evidence which demonstrate to what extent there are similarities and/or differences between user-supplied tags and search terms. Based on these considerations, this study investigates categorical differences between user supplied tags and Web search queries. Using Shatfords categories, the study identifies categorical characteristics of tags and queries. Using the 1st level of categories, a rough comparison was made. User-supplied tags contain Generic terms for the majority, but Web search queries include Specific terms, rather than Generic terms. For a more detailed comparison between tags and queries, the 2nd level of categories from Shatfords was adopted. In most of subcategories, the categorical comparisons between tags and queries demonstrate considerable differences. Although this result is based on a small size of data sets, the result of this study can impact the way of social tagging systems and indexing/ranking systems of Web search engines for images.

The effect of acyl substituents on the α-effect: contrasting α-effect profiles for reactions of 4-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with neutral and anionic nucleophiles

Abstract The magnitude of the α-effect for reactions of 4-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with a pair of anionic nucleophiles is independent of the electronic nature of the acyl substituent, while the one for the corresponding reactions with a pair of neutral nucleophiles increases as the acyl substituent changes from a strong electron withdrawing substituent to electron donating ones.