Eylem Önal

The effect of pyrolysis atmosphere on bio-oil yields and structure

ABSTRACT A food industry waste, almond shell, was pyrolyzed under three different environment static, nitrogen, and steam to produce bio-oil and its derivatives. The oil yield obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 600°C was 24.23% in a static atmosphere, whereas it increased to 27.25% and 33.05% in nitrogen and steam atmospheres, respectively. The bio-oil obtained under steam atmosphere is very efficient due to the production of high liquid and gas yields. Moreover, co-feeding steam during the pyrolysis altered the bio-oil structure by increasing the aliphatics and reducing the asphaltenes. Moreover, steam treatment also increases H/C and heating value of bio-oils. According to the obtained results, steam pyrolysis is an alternative option for future applications in refineries.

Performance Evaluation of the Bio-char Heavy Metal Removal Produced from Tomato Factory Waste

Bio-char is a carbon-enriched and porous material produced from a variety of biomass. When bio-char is produced from biomass, approximately 50 % of the carbon that the plants absorbed as CO2 from the atmosphere is “fixed” in the charcoal. Bio-char is similar in its appearance to charcoal and activated carbon. In this study tomato factory waste has been used for the production of the bio-char. Biomass with a mean particle size was carbonized at 623 K in a furnace. Biomass and bio-char were characterized by using elemental analyses, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The adsorption capacity of the bio-char produced with carbonization of tomato factory waste has been evaluated with the Co(II) ion removal to investigate the effects of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial concentration of the aqueous solution, adsorption time, and solution temperature. To describe the equilibrium isotherms Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied. Pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were used to find out the kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process with increasing adsorbent dosage from 1 to 10 g/l in the batch mode. The final heavy metal concentrations have been reduced from 59 to 8 ppm and removal efficiencies have been increased from 60 to 82 % respectively. Experimental results showed that, tomato factory waste char seems to be an effective and alternative adsorbent precursor for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions due to its high adsorption capacity, low cost, and availability.