Nurgül Özbay

Biocrude from biomass: pyrolysis of cottonseed cake

Fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of cottonseed cake to determine the possibility of being a potential source of renewable fuels and chemicals feedstocks, in two different reactors, namely a tubular and a Heinze retort. Pyrolysis atmosphere and pyrolysis temperature effects on the pyrolysis product yields and chemical composition have been investigated. The maximumm oil yield of 29.68% was obtained in N2 atmosphere at a pyrolysis temperature of 550°C with a heating rate of 7°C min−1 in a tubular reactor.

Structural analysis of bio-oils from pyrolysis and steam pyrolysis of cottonseed cake

Structural analysis and the effect of the water vapour on the structure of the products obtained by low temperature thermal destruction of biomass at atmospheric pressure has been investigated. The liquid products were fractionated into pentane solubles and insolubles (Asphaltenes). Pentane solubles were then solvent fractionated into pentane, toluene, ether and methanol subfractions by fractionated column chromatograpy. The aliphatic subfractions of the oils were then analysed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography and GC/MS. For further structural analysis, the pyrolysis oils and aromatic and polar subfractions were conducted using FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra.

Fixed-bed pyrolysis of cottonseed cake: Product yields and compositions

Fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of cottonseed cake to determine the possibility of being a potential source of renewable fuels and chemical feedstocks. The effects of healing rate, pyrolysis atmosphere, and pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis product yields and chemical compositions have been investigated. The maximum oil yield of 27% was obtained in N2 atmosphere at pyrolysis temperature of 550°C and heating rate of 7°C min -1. The chemical characterization has shown that the oil obtained from cottonseed cake was quite similar to the crude oil and shale oil.

Effect of Steam on the Pyrolysis of Biomass

A comparative study of the thermochemical behavior of cottonseed cake in static, nitrogen and steam atmospheres has been carried out. The influence of the different atmospheres in the yield and composition were observed. Pyrolysis under water vapor gave a rise in the yield as opposed to pyrolysis under static and nitrogen atmospheres. The elemental analyses of the pyrolysis oils were determined and the chemical compositions of the oils were investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The conversion to bio-oil and the chemical characterization has shown that the oils obtained from cottonseed cake can be used as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock.

Adsorption of Ni (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Pyrolytic Chars Derived from the Cottonseed Cake

Abstract The adsorption of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by pyrolytic char obtained from the cottonseed cake was studied in thisarticle. The sample was pyrolysed with a heating rate of 7°C min−1 up to select final pyrolysis temperatures of 400°C, 550°C, and 700°C under a steam atmosphere with sweep gas velocities of 2.7 cm sec−1. Three pyrolytic char were used as adsorbent obtained at final pyrolysis temperatures. The influence of experimental parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, adsorbent dosage, condition time, and nickel (II) concentration were investigated. Optimal condition was determined as: 0.35 g/50 ml adsorbent dosage, 10 mg/l Ni (II) concentration, 60 min contact time for temperature 700°C of pyrolytic char. Adsorption parameters were determined by using Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of the pyrolytic char is 25 mg/g and the maximum surface area (47.98 m2/g) was obtained at 700°C. According to the experimental results, the pyrolytic char can be used as carbon adsorbent for adsorption processes.

Comparison of Surface and Structural Properties of Carbonaceous Materials Prepared by Chemical Activation of Tomato Paste Waste: The Effects of Activator Type and Impregnation Ratio

Activated carbons were prepared by carbonization of tomato paste processing industry waste at 500°C followed by chemical activation with KOH, K2CO3, and HCl in N2 atmosphere at low temperature (500°C). The effects of different activating agents and impregnation ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt.%) on the materials’ characteristics were examined. Precursor, carbonized tomato waste (CTW), and activated carbons were characterized by using ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurements ( ), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Activation process improved pore formation and changed activated carbons’ surface characteristics. Activated carbon with the highest surface area (283 m3/g) was prepared by using 50 wt.% KOH as an activator. According to the experimental results, tomato paste waste could be used as an alternative precursor to produce low-cost activated carbon.

Performance Evaluation of the Bio-char Heavy Metal Removal Produced from Tomato Factory Waste

Bio-char is a carbon-enriched and porous material produced from a variety of biomass. When bio-char is produced from biomass, approximately 50 % of the carbon that the plants absorbed as CO2 from the atmosphere is “fixed” in the charcoal. Bio-char is similar in its appearance to charcoal and activated carbon. In this study tomato factory waste has been used for the production of the bio-char. Biomass with a mean particle size was carbonized at 623 K in a furnace. Biomass and bio-char were characterized by using elemental analyses, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The adsorption capacity of the bio-char produced with carbonization of tomato factory waste has been evaluated with the Co(II) ion removal to investigate the effects of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial concentration of the aqueous solution, adsorption time, and solution temperature. To describe the equilibrium isotherms Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied. Pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were used to find out the kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process with increasing adsorbent dosage from 1 to 10 g/l in the batch mode. The final heavy metal concentrations have been reduced from 59 to 8 ppm and removal efficiencies have been increased from 60 to 82 % respectively. Experimental results showed that, tomato factory waste char seems to be an effective and alternative adsorbent precursor for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions due to its high adsorption capacity, low cost, and availability.

Pyrolysis of peach pulp: effect of chemical additives.

Peach pulp and impregnated sample have been investigated as an alternative feedstock to obtain fuels and chemicals. The effect of a series of operation variables was studied. The maximum oil was obtained as 23.24% at the final temperature of 550°C. The maximum char yield was obtained as 48.7% by H3PO4 impregnated samples. The liquids products obtained under the most suitable conditions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform-infrared, 1H NMR. In addition, gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer was achieved on all pyrolysis oils. According to the experimental results, it showed that bio-oil could be a potential source for synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock.

Characterization of chars from steam pyrolysis of apricot pulp.

Abstract The characterization of apricot pulp char obtained from steam pyrolysis was studied. The char was prepared by pyrolyzing apricot pulp temperatures ranging from 300 to 700°C under steam atmospheres. The chemical composition of char was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface area of the char was measured with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and surface morphology was obtained with scanning electron microscopy. The char yield in pyrolysis decreased rapidly with an increase in temperature from 39.1% at 300°C to 18.9% at 550°C. The surface area of the char increased with temperature to a maximum of 332 m2/g at 550°C. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the pyrolysis led to the formation of melt, liquid phase, vesicles, precipitates of inorganic salts, and surface etching. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed a gradual decrease in the amounts of OH and CH3 with increasing temperature. Both the H/C and O/C ratios of the char decreased with an increase in temperature.

Chapter 3.6 – Research on the Pyrolysis Characteristics of Tomato Waste With Fe–Al2O3 Catalyst

Abstract Pyrolysis is one of the promising thermal degradation processes to utilize biomass energy; it is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material in the nitrogen atmosphere. The use of catalyst in the biomass pyrolysis is an interesting approach to enhance the composition of the liquid pyrolysis product (bio-oil) and optimize the selectivity of desirable compounds. In this study, tomato waste bio-oil was upgraded by using alumina-supported iron catalyst (Fe–Al2O3) to obtain a precious bio-oil via catalytic pyrolysis. The effect of catalyst on the product yields and bio-oil content was investigated. Pyrolysis of tomato waste gave a maximum liquid yield of 24.01% at the pyrolysis temperature of 500°C. Use of Fe–Al2O3 catalyst caused an increase in higher heating value of bio-oil. From the viewpoint of energy recovery, 20% was the most impressive ratio of catalyst to biomass.