F.A. Ferreira

Densidades de plantas daninhas e épocas de controle sobre os componentes de produção da soja

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of different weed densities on the yield components of soybean grain, cv. BRS 243 RR. The experimental design was arranged in completely randomized blocks, and the treatments consisted of increasing periods of control and three weed densities (low, medium and high). The initial periods of control were: 0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 and 0-125 (harvesting). In low infestation areas, the weed community was composed mainly of Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Euphorbia heterophylla and others. In medium and high infestation areas, the outstanding weeds were Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Digitaria horizontalis, Cyperus rotundus and others. B. plantaginea was responsible for the highest dry matter accumulation in all levels of infestation. Regarding the crop yield components, number of pods per plant was the most severely affected by competition, reduced at about 58% in the low infestation area, 71% in the medium infestation area and 78% in the high infestation area. Number of seeds per pod and weight of 1000 grains were less influenced by competition; however, these parameters were reduced, indicating a relation between weed control periods and infestation level with soybean yield component.

Período anterior à interferência na cultura da soja-RR em condições de baixa, média e alta infestação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the period before weed interference in soybean culture, cv. BRS 243-RR, under low, medium and high weed density. The experimental design was arranged in complete randomized blocks, and the treatments consisted of increasing periods of weed control (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 and 0-125 days). In low weed infestation area the main weed species were: Brachiaria plantaginea,Ipomoea nil,Euphorbia heterophylla. In medium and high infestation areas, Brachiaria plantaginea,Ipomoea nil,Digitaria horizontalis and Cyperus rotundus were the most frequent weeds. Considering 5% and 10% of tolerance of soybean grain yield reduction, it was concluded that the period before interference was 17 and 24 days after emergence (DAE) in low infestation, area 11 and 15 DAE in medium infestation area and 11 and 16 DAE in high infestation area. Weed interference during the full crop cycle reduced soybean grain yield in 73%, 82% and 92%, for low, medium and high weed density, respectively.

Interferência de plantas daninhas em diferentes densidades no crescimento da soja

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de densidades de plantas daninhas (baixa, media e alta infestacao) sobre as variaveis de crescimento da soja, cv. BRS 243RR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos constituidos por dez periodos de convivencia das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 e 0-125 dias). As variaveis estudadas foram altura de plantas, massa seca dos ramos desprovidos de folha, massa seca das folhas, numero de folhas e area foliar da soja. As avaliacoes foram determinadas no final do periodo de interferencia, juntamente com a avaliacao de densidade e acumulo de fitomassa da comunidade infestante. Na area onde a soja foi cultivada sob baixa infestacao de plantas daninhas, observou-se aumento da densidade das infestantes em funcao do tempo apos a emergencia da soja. Todavia, o contrario foi observado nas areas de media e alta infestacao; nelas verificou-se reducao da densidade das plantas daninhas ao longo do periodo de avaliacao. A altura e area foliar das plantas de soja foram influenciadas pelo nivel de infestacao, o que nao foi observado para massa seca e numero de folhas. Conclui-se que o nivel de infestacao afeta de maneira diferenciada as variaveis que definem o crescimento da soja.

Efficacy and Persistence of Herbicides in Pasture Soils

This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicides 2,4-D + picloram (Tordon); fluroxypyr + picloram (Plenum) and triclopyr (Garlon) in the control of Schinus terebintifolius and Eupatorium maximilianii, which are important weeds in pastures. The experiment was developed in a pasture of Melinis minutiflora, arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications, distributed in a factorial scheme (3x4+1), using two commercial mixtures and herbicide applied at four rates: 2,4-D + picloram (360 + 96 g ha -1 ; 720 + 192 g ha -1 ; 1.080 + 288 g ha -1 ; 1.440 + 384 g ha-1); fluroxypyr + picloram (120 + 120 g ha-1; 240 + 240 g ha-1; 380 + 380 g ha-1; 480 + 480 g ha -1 ) triclopyr herbicide: 240; 480; 720 and 960 g ha -1 plus a control without herbicide. Intoxication in the pasture was evaluated at 7 and 15 DAA (Days After Application) and weed control at 60 and 180 DAA. The residue in the soil was evaluated through bioassay, in pots in the greenhouse, with soil samples collected in the experimental plots at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, 10, 40, 70, 120, 180 and 360 DAA, with Cucumis sativus used as test plant. Controls over 90% of Schinus terebintifolius and Eupatorium maximilianii were obtained 180 DAA, respectively, as follows 2.78 and 2.46 L ha-1 on Tordon; 1.97 and 2.02 L ha-1 on Plenum; and 1.23 and 1.44 L ha -1 on Garlon. Residues in the soil were verified until 360 DAA for herbicide commercial mixtures containing picloram in their formulation. Triclopyr herbicide residue was verified only at 10 DAA, indicating short persistence in the soil.

Caracteres anatômicos de duas espécies de trapoeraba e a eficiência do glyphosate

The genus Commelina includes weed species of difficult control in several crops, chiefly when the herbicide glyphosate is used repeatedly. This work was conducted to evaluate the differences between the anatomic features of Commelina benghalensis and Commelina diffusa, grown under sun and shade conditions, which could influence herbicide absorption and translocation. The stomatal apparatus of the two species is similar and the leaf is amphistomatic. C. diffusa has a greater number of stomata in relation to C. benghalensis. The number of stomatas in the leaf epiderm is greater in C. diffusa (38/mm2) than in C. benghalensis (33.66/mm2), in the abaxial (54.86/mm2) rather than in the adaxial epiderm (16.80/mm2) and under sun (37.89/mm2) rather than shade conditions (33.77/mm2). The abaxial epiderm has a greater number of stomata under sun conditions. Similar secretory hair is present in both species, but in greater number in C. diffusa. Only C. benghalensis presented tector hair: (i) long with slender extremity and (ii) short with curved extremity. Long hair is concentrated in the abaxial epiderm and short hair in the adaxial epiderm. Although the presence of hair in the leaf epiderm is frequently associated to greater herbicide absorption, it is believed that the determinant factor of greater susceptibility of C. benghalensis to glyphosate in comparison to C. diffusa could be related to the starch stock of the stem. While C. benghalensis presents fewer and smaller starch grains in the pith parenchyma, C. diffusa presents larger and numerous starch grains, which may make herbicide simplastic translocation slower, reducing the herbicide accumulated in the growth points, and allowing it to regrowth even after total leaves loss.

Dinâmica de nutrientes em tecidos foliares de cana-de-açúcar após aplicação de herbicidas

The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, alone or combined, and 2,4-D, on mineral nutrition and growth in sugar cane plants. Sugar cane plants with three to four fully expanded leaves were sprayed with ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium at the doses of 1.30; 1.00; 0.0225, and 1.463 + 0.0375 Kg ha-1, respectively. A completely randomized design was adopted in a split-plot scheme with four replications. Herbicide effect was evaluated in the whole plots and the effect of time after application in the split-plots. At 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after spraying (DAA), leaf tissue samples were collected and analyzed for height and dry mass of the shoots, number of leaves and tillers, and foliar concentrations of macro and micronutrients of sugar cane plants. The leaf concentrations of N, P and Mg were not affected by herbicide use. After herbicide spraying, increase in the accumulation rate (coefficient b0) of the cationic nutrients Ca, Mg and K, was observed in the plants treated with ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium. When 2,4-D was applied, a reduction in the accumulation rate of the S and alteration in the dynamics of the nutrients Mg, Ca and K were verified in relation to the other treatments. The herbicides reduced the iron concentration in sugar cane plants to 15 DAA, in the following order: ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium > ametryn > trifloxysulfuron-sodium > 2,4-D. At 60 DAS, trifloxysulfuron-sodium led to increase of 22.10% in biomass accumulation of the sugar cane shoots in comparison to the control treatment without herbicide application. The number of tillers plants treated with trifloxysulfuron-sodium was double in relation that of those treated with ametryn, evidencing negative effect ametryn. This work evidences herbicide effects on the concentration of leaf nutrients and growth of sugar cane plants.

Anatomical characterization of the leaf, stem and rhizome of Digitaria insularis

RESUMO - A anatomia da folha, de colmo e do rizoma de Digitaria insularis foi investigada,visando identificar caracteristicas que possam estar relacionadas a sua tolerância aoglyphosate. Sementes e rizomas de plantas adultas foram coletadas em campo, em area deplantio direto, onde o herbicida glyphosate vem sendo utilizado repetidamente ha variosanos. As plantas provenientes dessas sementes e desses rizomas foram cultivadas emvasos com capacidade de 3 L, contendo solo de textura media, em casa de vegetacao. Quan-do as plantas atingiram o estadio fenologico de pre-florescimento, foram coletadas tresfolhas totalmente expandidas por planta, entre o terceiro e o quinto no. Simultaneamente,coletaram-se fragmentos dos rizomas e os entrenos recobertos pelas bainhas das folhasamostradas. As amostras foram fixadas em FAA

Deriva simulada de formulações comerciais de glyphosate sobre maracujazeiro amarelo

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da deriva de formulacoes comerciais de glyphosate no desenvolvimento de plantas jovens de maracujazeiro amarelo. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetacao do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Vicosa, durante o periodo de marco a abril de 2007. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 + 1, em que tres foram as formulacoes de glyphosate e cinco foram as doses utilizadas acrescidas de testemunha sem herbicida. O trabalho foi conduzido com cinco repeticoes, sendo cada planta considerada como parcela experimental. As formulacoes comerciais aplicadas foram Roundup Transorb®, Roundup Original® e Zapp QI®, utilizando-se as seguintes doses (g e.a ha-1): 43,2; 86,4; 172,8; e 345,6 g ha-1. Aos 28 dias apos a aplicacao (DAA), avaliaram-se os comprimentos da parte aerea, da raiz e total (cm); o diâmetro do caule (mm); o numero de folhas e de ramificacoes primarias; a massa seca da parte aerea e da raiz das plantas (g); e a area foliar por planta (cm2). Aos 7, 14 e 28 DAA, avaliou-se, visualmente, a porcentagem de intoxicacao das plantas. O glyphosate em deriva simulada, independentemente das formulacoes utilizadas, ocasionou injurias no maracujazeiro amarelo, acarretando reducao no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. As formulacoes Roundup Transorb® e Roundup Original® foram mais prejudiciais as plantas que o Zapp Qi®. O maracujazeiro amarelo mostrou-se suscetivel a deriva, devendo o glyphosate ser usado com cuidado, de maneira a atingir somente as plantas daninhas a serem controladas.

Resistência de Cyperus difformis a herbicidas inibidores da ALS em lavoura de arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina

Herbicide resistance is a worldwide phenomenon of great concern to scientists, technicians and producers. It is characterized as the capacity of a biotype to survive a treatment using herbicide that controls the other individuals of the same population under normal field conditions and at the dose recommended by the manufacturer. The objective of this research was to determine the resistance level of two Cyperus difformis biotypes to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The herbicide treatments consisted of the application of bispyribac-sodium, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, (ALS-inhibitors) and bentazon (photosystem II inhibitor) sprayed at seven multiple commercial doses (0,0x; 0.5x; 1x; 2x; 4x; 8x and 16x), on two plant populations of C. difformis, at the stage of four to six leaves. The CYPDI-10 biotype showed a crossed-resistance to the ALS- inhibiting herbicides pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and bispyribac-sodium, while bentazon showed an efficient control of the resistant and susceptible populations. It was concluded that for the correct management of ALS-resistant C. difformis biotypes in flooded rice areas of Santa Catarina, Brazil, the use of herbicides with different action mechanisms should be adopted, as well as other management practices in order to restrict the expansion of resistant populations of C. difformis.

Micromorfologia foliar na análise da fitotoxidez por glyphosate em Eucalyptus grandis

The effects of commercial glyphosate drift on the leaf surface and growth of eucalypt clones were evaluated. Seedlings of six clones were submitted to 129.6 g ha-1 sub-rate of commercial glyphosate formulations Scout®, Roundup NA®, Roundup transorb® and Zapp QI®. No differences in tolerance to glyphosate were observed among the clones. Plants exposed to simulated drift of Roundup transorb® and Zapp QI® presented the highest and lowest intoxication percentages, respectively. Plants exposed to glyphosate reduced dry biomass, regardless of the formulation, and also reduced height of the plants exposed to Scout® and Roundup transorb®. Leaf surface characteristics were not affected by glyphosate application. However, the micromorphological damages occurred prior to the appearance of visible symptoms, and were observed on both faces of the epidermis, in all clones tested. Damages such as erosion and amorphous aspect of epicuticular waxes and infestation of fungal hyphae occurred, independently of the formulation used. The anatomical evaluation of the leaf surface effectively described the damages caused by glyphosate. The growth and intoxication data indicate Zapp QI® formulation as presenting the lowest risk to eucalypt culture, in relation to the undesirable herbicide drift effects.