F. Gülay Kirbaşlar

Composition of Turkish Lemon and Grapefruit Peel Oils

Abstract Lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] and grapefruit (Citrusparadisi Macf.) peel oils were obtained by cold-pressing lemon and grapefruit peels. The oils were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatograph (HRGC) and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (HRGC/MS). In total, 42 and 27 components have been identified in lemon and grapefruit oils, respectively. Lemon oil showed a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (89.9%) with limonene (61.8%), γ-terpinene (10.6%) and β-pinene (8.1%) being the first three major components. Similarly, grape-fruit oil was characterized by its higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (96.4%) of which limonene (92.5%) and myrcene (2.6%) were the first two major components. Grapefruit oil contained a lower amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols and esters than that in lemon oil.

Composition of Cold-Pressed Bitter Orange Peel Oil from Turkey

Abstract The composition of the laboratory-prepared Turkish bitter orange oil (Citrus aurantium L) samples (bitter orange fruits cultivated two different area) were studied. The volatile fraction was analyzed by GC and GC/MS, and 29 components were identified in the oil. The results obtained were compared with those in the literature for Italian and Spanish bitter orange oil. The identified components were grouped into six classes (monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated compounds, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and esters). Variations in the oil composition relative to the fruit provenance, the percentage of the each component and six classes, were also described. It was found that the oil composition varied according to the fruit provenance. The main components of the oil were limonene (93.68-94.32%), myrcene (1.73-1.86%), linalyl acetate (1.17-1.32%), linalool (0.33-0.46%), (β-pinene (0.40-0.57%) and α-pinene (0.39-0.45%).

The Compositions of Turkish Bergamot Oils Produced by Cold-Pressing and Steam Distillation

Abstract Bergamot oil was obtained from Turkish bergamot fruit (Citus bergamia Risso et Poit.) peels by cold pressing and steam distillation. The analysis of bergamot oil was carried out by capillary GC and GC/MS. In total, 47 components were fully characterized and grouped in six component classes (monoterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds, sesquiterpenes, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and esters) for an easier comparison of all oils. Variations during the fruit development of the percentage of the six classes were also described. The composition varied during the season; since the reported values referred to oil obtained from ripe fruits. The main components of the cold pressed Turkish bergamot oil coming from ripe fruits were limonene (37.2%), linalyl acetate (36.3%), linalool (7.9%), γ-terpinene (5.9%), β-pinene (3.9%) and myrcene (1.3%). The concentation of linalyl acetate was maximum level when the bergamot fruits reached full maturity characterized by a yellow coloration.

Comparison of lemon oil composition after using different extraction methods

Kıbrıs lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) peel was extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE), cold pressing (CP) and hydrodistillation (HD) methods. SFE, CP and HD methods have been compared and evaluated for their effectiveness in the separation of extract from fresh lemon peels. The chemical compositions of the three different extract samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Forty-four components were fully characterized by mass spectra and linear retention indices. The lemon extracts showed a high content of limonene (71.81%, 70.36% and 72.48%) with γ-terpinene (8.72%, 8.91% and 8.88%), β-pinene (6.61%, 6.72% and 6.60%), myrcene (1.55%, 1.59% and 1.73%), sabinene (1.21%, 1.48% and 1.09%), α-pinene (0.98%, 1.27% and 0.98%) and p-cimene (0.87%, 1.23% and 0.87%) being the major monoterpene hydrocarbons in the SFE, CP and HD methods, respectively. The principal sesquiterpene hydrocarbon was β-bisabolene (1.42%, 1.41% and 1.22%) in the SFE, CP and HD extracts, respectively. Neryl acetate and geranial were the main oxygenated compounds (1.25%, 1.28% and 1.21%) and (1.13%, 0.97% and 0.99%), in the SFE, CP and HD extracts, respectively. The composition of lemon extract has been split into six classes (monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, esters and oxides). It was noted that there were significant differences in the carbonyl compounds, alcohol and ester classes in the SFE, CP and HD extracts.

Volatiles in Turkish clementine (Citrus clementina Hort.) peel

The peel extract of clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) grown in Turkey was obtained by cold pressed (CP) and supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) methods. The chemical compositions of the volatile extract samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In total, sixty-nine components have been identified corresponding to the (99.8%) of the whole volatiles in both samples. CP extraction led to lower amount of oxygenated compounds (3.7%) than the SFE extraction (4.2%); among these, carbonyls were predominant (2.09–2.10%) followed by alcohols (1.32–1.60%) and esters (0.12–0.40%). The main component is limonene (88.12–89.28%) followed by myrcene (4.64–3.77%). The oxygenated compounds present at higher levels are linalool (1.02–1.24%) and decanal (0.71–0.72%).

Volatile Constituents of Turkish Bergamot Oil

Abstract The analysis of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) oil of Turkish origin was carried out by capillary GC and GC/MS. Forty-nine compounds, constituting 99-4% of the oil, were identified. The composition of the Turkish bergamot oil was compared with the Italian bergamot oil. They could be differentiated from their sesquiterpenes, carbonyl compounds, hydrocarbons and monoterpenes. The main components of die Turkish bergamot oil were linalyl acetate (38.7%), limonene (23.7%), linalool (14.7%), γ-terpinene (4.7%), β-pinene (3.0%) and myrcene (2.0%). The bergamot oil yield was about 1.2% for fresh bergamot rinds.

Antimicrobial Activity of Turkish Citrus Leaf Oils and Compositions of Turkish Orange and Grapefruit Leaf Oils

Abstract The samples of the Citrus leaves viz., bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), lemon (Citrus lemon (L.) Burin. f), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.), orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden), were collected from southern Turkey (Antalya) and their leaf oils were obtained by steam distillation. The compositions of orange and grapefruit leaf oils were identified. The major monoterpenes range of the orange and grapefruit leaf oils are 72.55 (sabinene: 42.85 %) and 76.45% (sabinene: 52.25 %), respectively. The antimicrobial activities of Turkish Citrus leaf oils were evaluated using the disk diffusion method toward nine bacteria and five yeasts, and the results are compared with those for antibiotics. The Citrus leaf oils showed strong antimicrobial activity against the test organisms (> 10 mm zone). All of the Citrus leaf oils are more effective towards K. fragilis (antifungal effect) than the other microorganisms.

Mono-, Bis- and Tris (Thio) Substituted Nitrobutadienes from 2-Nitrodiene with 7-Mercapto-4-Methyl Coumarin and N,S-Substituted Dienes from Mono(Thio)-Substituted Dienes with Amines

Thiosubstituted nitrodien compounds 3a and 4a were prepared by mixing compound 1 with thiol 2a. 1 gave 5a by the reaction with coumarin derivative 2a in EtOH containing sodium hydroxide. Mono(thio)substituted diene compound 3 reacted with 10 and 12 and yielded 11 and 13 in CH2Cl2. 7a–h and 9a–d were obtained by the reactions of 6a–h and 8a–d with compound 3a.

SOME NEW S-, S,S- AND N,S-SUBSTITUTED 2-NITRODIENES AND BUTADIENYL-SUBSTITUTED PIPERAZINES

Nitrodiene 1 reacted with 2a, b and gave the novel compounds 3a, b, 4a, b, and 5a. Monosubstituted diene compound 3a gave the compounds 9a with morpholine, 11a with piperidine, and 13a with homopiperazine. Compound 3a gives the thioether compound 15 by the reaction with the dithiol (HS─(CH2)2─O─(CH2)2─SH) in ethanol containing sodium hydroxide.

New N,S-Substituted Dienes from Mono(thio)substituted-2-nitrohalo-1,3-diene and Some Amines

Mono(thio)substituted nitrodiene compound 1 reacted with 2a–f and yielded 3a–f in methylene chloride. Compound 1 gave 7 by the reaction with 6. Compounds 5a–c were obtained by the reactions of 4a–c with 1. 3a also has been structurally characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.