Fábio Schmidt Goffi

Restaging of colorectal cancer based on the identification of lymph node micrometastases through immunoperoxidase staining of CEA and cytokeratins.

The present study was performed to identify tumor cells in lymph nodes from colorectal adenocarcinomas considered free of disease by the classic hematoxylin-eosin stain, based on the detection of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratins in neoplastic epithelial cells. For this purpose, 603 lymph nodes from 46 lesions were stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Tumor cells were detected in 22 nodes from 12 patients, mainly in the subcapsular sinuses, permitting a restaging of these patients into two groups: those now considered to have metastatic disease and those free of metastases. However, the 5-year follow-up showed no statistical differences in survival between the two groups.

Benign obstruction of the common hepatic duct (Mirizzi syndrome): diagnosis and operative management

BACKGROUND Mirizzi syndrome is a rare complication of prolonged cholelithiasis, characterized by narrowing of the common hepatic duct due to mechanical compression and/or inflammation due to biliary calculus impacted in the infundibula of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct. OBJECTIVES To describe a series of eight consecutive patients with Mirizzi syndrome, at a single institution, submitted to surgical treatment and to comment on their aspects with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Four women and four men, with a mean age of 61.6 years (42 to 82 years), presenting Mirizzi syndrome were operated between 1997 and 2003. The following items were evaluated: clinical presentation, laboratory results, preoperative evaluation, operative findings, presence of choledocholithiasis, type of Mirizzi syndrome according to the classification by Csendes, choice of operative procedures, and complications. RESULTS The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain (87.5%) and jaundice (87.5%). All the patients presented altered hepatic function tests. The diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome was intra-operative in seven (87.5%) patients, and preoperative in one (12.5%). Cholecystocholedochal fistula associated with choledocholithiasis was observed in three (37.5%) cases. Mirizzi syndrome was classified as Csendes type I in five (62.5%) patients, type II in one (12.5%), type III in one (12,5%) and type IV in another (12.5%). Cholecystectomy, as an isolated surgical procedure, was performed in four (50.0%) patients. One (12.5%) patient was submitted to partial cholecystectomy and closure of the fistulous orifice with the central part of the infundibula. Two (25.0%) patients were submitted to cholecystectomy and side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy and another (12.5%) to side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy remaining the gallbladder in situ. Seven (87.5%) patients had an uneventful recovery and were discharged in good conditions. One (12.5%) patient presented a postoperative sepsis due to a sub-hepatic abscess, and was reoperated. There was no operative mortality. CONCLUSION The preoperative diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome is difficult and an awarded suspicion is necessary to avoid lesions of the biliary tree. The problem may only become evident during the operation due to firm adherences around Calots triangle. The success of the treatment is related to a precocious recognition of the condition, even at the time of surgery, and adapting the management considering to the individual characteristics of each case.

Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen levels in peripheral and draining venous blood in patients with colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND The problem of the relationship between blood carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and tissue CEA content in colorectal carcinoma, and the mechanisms for CEA release from tumor cells in tissue adjacent to the neoplasm is important to understanding the biology of colorectal carcinoma. It has not been adequately explained whether CEA in the peripheral blood is drained mainly by portal system blood or by the lymphatic system, or indeed by both systems. AIM To study the behavior of CEA levels in peripheral blood (CEA-p) and venous effluent blood (CEA-d) among patients with colorectal tumors, who underwent curative operation. METHOD A total of 28 patients were studied (12 male [42.9%] and 16 female [57.1%], mean age 66.1 years [range: 43 - 84]). Immediately after laparotomy, peripheral venous blood was extracted by antecubital venous puncture and venous effluent blood was collected from the main drainage vein of the lesions. Values of CEA-p, CEA-d and the gradient between CEA-d and CEA-p that were less than 5.0 ng/mL were considered normal. RESULTS Eight (28.6%) patients were stage A in Dukes classification, nine (32.1%) stage B and 11 (39.3%) stage C. The neoplasm was located in the rectum of 14 patients (50.0%), in the transverse colon in five (17.9%), in the sigmoid in four (14.3%), in the cecum and/or ascending colon in three (10.7%), and in the descending colon in two (7.1%). The histopathological examination revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma in all the patients. Only one patient (3.6%), Dukes classification stage C, presented neoplasm with venous invasion. The gradient between the CEA-p and CEA-d levels were normal in 25 patients (88.3%) and high in three (10.7%). The mean value for CEA-p was 3.8 +/- 4.1 ng/mL (0.1-21.1 ng/mL) and for the drained CEA (CEA-d) it was 4.5 +/- 4.3 ng/mL (0.3-20.2 ng/mL), without significant difference between these values. There was a significant difference between the mean value for CEA-p and CEA-d levels greater than 5 ng/mL. CONCLUSION The CEA-p and CEA-d levels in the colorectal carcinoma patients were not shown to be different. The results from this study suggest that, in colorectal neoplasm without venous invasion, there may not be notable CEA drainage from the tumor by the portal vein effluent blood.

Morphometric study of gastric mucosa in dogs submitted to proximal gastric vagotomy, splenectomy or proximal gastric vagotomy associated with splenectomy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da esplenectomia total e da vagotomia gastrica proximal (VGP) isoladas e associadas sobre a vascularizacao gastrica. METODOS: Utilizaram-se 28 caes, distribuidos em quatro grupos: grupo A, laparotomia e manipulacao gastrica; grupo B, VGP; grupo C, VGP associada a esplenectomia; grupo D, esplenectomia isolada. Todos os animais foram mortos no 7o pos-operatorio e imediatamente infundiu-se o corante na aorta toracica. O estomago aberto pela grande curvatura foi fotografado. Na superficie mucosa gastrica, a formacao de areas coradas e desprovidas de coloracao foi mensurada por tres metodos: decomposicao milimetrica, planimetrico e morfometria computadorizada. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se nos grupos B e C formacao de area desprovida de coloracao na pequena curvatura gastrica, sendo significativamente maior no grupo C (p< 0,05). Nos grupos A e D tais areas nao foram observadas. A analise estatistica nao revelou diferencas significativas entre os resultados dos tres metodos utilizados. CONCLUSOES: Nas condicoes desse estudo os resultados permitiram concluir que nos animais com o estomago integro e naqueles onde a esplenectomia foi realizada de forma isolada, a vascularizacao do estomago permitiu a perfusao de toda a superficie do orgao. Nos animais submetidos a VGP isolada e principalmente quando a VGP foi associada a esplenectomia ocorreu significativa diminuicao do suprimento sanguineo na curvatura gastrica menor, sugerindo a potencialidade isquemica dessa regiao.

Tratamento cirúrgico da litíase biliar em idosos experiência em hospital de ensino

Due to high incidence of postoperative complications in elderly people there is some degree of reluctance in the surgical management of the biliar lithiasis in these patients. The main purpose of this study was to verify the real extension of these problem in the Department of Gastroenterologic Surgery of the HSPE-FMO. Over a 6-year period (1990-1995) 185 elderly patients with biliary lithiasis and mean age of 73.0 ± 6,2 years were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups according to the age: I-118 (63.8%) patients with 60-74 and II- 67 (36.2%) patients with 75-90 years. The number of mate patients was significantly higher at the group II. Symptoms were similar into two groups of patients. The most part of patients was submitted to elective procedures - (163) 88.1% while (22) 1.9% underwent emergency surgery (acute cholecystitis). The number of emergency cases was more than twice in the group II (19.4% versus 7.6%). Cholecystectomy was performed in all patients. Operative cholangiography was performed in 157 (84,8%) patients. Complementary surgery was necessary for 38 (21.6%)patients (choledocholithiasis in 15.1% and papillar stricture in 2.7%) and was higher in the group II. Choledocholithotomy as a component of the primary biliary operation was performed in 28 (15.1%) patients, biliar enteric anastomosis in seven (3.8%) and papillotomy in five (2.7%) patients. Complications occurred in 37 (20%) patients and were similar in both groups. There was no mortality. Retained stones of the common duct was found in 15 (8.1%) patients. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed upon all patients, with success. The results of the present study support the use of elective cholecystectomy with low morbidity and without mortality in geriatric patients.

Tratamento cirúrgico do linfoma gástrico primário

BACKGROUND: we analyzed the results from 25 patients with primary gastric lymphoma operated with curative intention. METHODS: Data were obtained retrospective ly and by contacting patients or theirs relatives. The disease was staged using the Ann Arbor system for non-Hodgkins lymphoma, as modified by Musshoff and Schmidt-Vollmer, and classified according to Kiels system. RESULTS: The signs and symptoms were similar to those of peptic ulcer disease or gastric carcinoma. Preoperative diagnosis was obtained by endoscopic biopsy in three cases and by surgical exploration in the remaining. Seven patients (28%) were submitted to myelograms, which were normal in all cases. All patients were submitted to resection (12 subtotal gastrectomies and 13 total gastrectomies) with removal of regional lymph nodes. Ten of them (40%) received complementary treatment (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy). The staging was significantly more advanced in fundocardiac lesions and in more elderly patients, and the average survival was 31.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: in this series, the variables that influenced significantly survival rate were age, advanced stage, size of the lesion higher than 6,0 cm, and adjuvant postoperative treatment (p< 0,05). These results suggest that complete resection of the lesion with the adjacent lymph nodes, accompanied by adjuvant treatment, constitutes the best approach to resectable primary gastric lymphoma.

Neoplasias duodenais primárias: análise de casuística e conduta cirúrgica

Eighteen primary duodenal tumors, including 11 malignant and 8 benign, are presented, stressing their poorly defined natural history and rare frequency. The most common histological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. There were 6 adenocarcinomas, 2 carcinoids, 1 linfoma, 1 anaplastic and 1 neuroectodermic carcinoma. Benign lesions were occasionally found during a gastroduodenal or a biliary surgery (n = 4) and during the autopsies (n = 3). They consisted of lipomas (n = 4), adenomatous polyps (n = 2) and leiomyoma (n = 1). Concerning the malignant lesions, 6 pancreaticoduodenectomies, 3 duodenojejunal segmentary resection and one paliation consisting of gastrojejunostomy and biopsy were performed. One carcinoid lesion was found at the duodenal bulb during a gastroduodenectomy for a gastric ulcer. Pancreaticoduodenectomy can be done with acceptable risk and it seems that patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma are more likely to survive longer after radical surgery than those with cancer of the head of pancreas. Every patient of this series treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy or duodenojejunal segmentary resection had an uneventful recovery and the follow-up ranged from 16 months to 7 years. As for the duodenal carcinoids, local resection is usually followed by recurrence, so an agressive surgical management is the best approach. Benign tumors must be treated by local excision when disclosed.

Papel da esofagogastroplastia (Thal-Hatafuku) e da gastrectomia parcial com anastomose gastrojejunal em Y (Holt -Large) na prevenção do refluxo gastroesofágico: estudo experimental em cães

The aim of this study was to evaluate in dogs the effects of two kinds of procedures in the gastroesophageal reflux prevention. Thirty animals divided in three randomized groups of ten were analysed as follow: group I (control) - esophagastrostomy side-to-side ; group II - esophagogastroplasty; group III -esophagogastrostomy side-to-side, partial gastrectomy and gastrojejunoanastomosis with excluded loop on y, The following parameters were used: body weight, endoscopy, radiological study and macro and microscopy data of the inner surface of the esophagus. The animals received daily histamine-in-beeswax parenterally for the posoperative stimulation of the gastric acid output until death or sacrifice. The research was carried out in three phases: preoperative phase, between the 35° and the 40° postoperative day and after histamine application. Group I showed sgnificant weight loss between the 1st and 2nd phase, which was intense on the 3rd phase. Group II showed no significative weight changes in any phase. Group III revealed significant weight changes even without histaminic stimulus. Endoscopy brought out significant more intensive esophagitis in group I than in II, after histaminic stimulus. In III, it was not possible to obtain these results, because of the precocious death of the animals. Fluoroscopic examination showed that 70% of the animals from group I, exhibited significative reflux, while in 30% this complication was not present. In group II, the reflux ocurred in few dogs and was not seen in 70% of the dogs.. Group III, revealed reflux in all animals and of significant manner in 70% of then. The macro and microscopic data did not show a significant difference among the groups, however the group II was the least committed. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the esophagogastrostomy side-to-side as expected produce intense esophageal reflux, the esophagogastroplasty showed minor morbidity and efficacy to impede the action of esophageal reflux and the surgery performed in group III, exhibited raised morbidity and early mortality after histamine stimulus. It is believed that the esophagogastroplasty takes reserved place in the procedures suggested to the treatment of achalasia and of peptique stenosis of the esophagus.

Úlcera péptica terebrante na cabeça do pâncreas: conduta cirúrgica no chamado duodeno difícil

Beginning in the 1970s, many duodenal ulcers have been adequately managed using H2 receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors associated to antimicrobial agents. However in the bleeding penetrating duodenal ulcer when the endoscopic treatment is lacking, the severe character of the hemorrhage and the frequence of the recurrence sometimes impose a radical surgery as early as possible, in spite of technical difficulties. Considering these facts, a surgical approach to the duodenal dissection during the gastroduodenectomy for penetrating ulcers is presented. This maneuver basically consist of (1) the adequate retrograde liberation of the descending portion of duodenum, (2) the oblique section of the duodenum at the lower border of the ulcer and (3) the introduction of the surgeons forefinger into the duodenal lumen in order to facilitate the wall liberation from the pancreas achieved through a blunt dissection with a fine scissor or a Halsted forceps. The duodenal stump is now prepared for a gastroduodenal anastomosis or for closure by suture previously to a gastrojejunostomy. This technique have been used by one of us for many times with fairly good results.

Antimicrobiano parenteral exclusivo ou associado com a via oral na prevenção de infecção após cirurgia colorretal

According to literature data there is a fifty percent chance of infectious complication after colorectal surgery when antimicrobial agents are not used. Those drugs were first employed orally with fair results. A few years latter the parenteral route was introduced either alone or associated to administrations per os. This work presents a prospective study on infectious complications after coloretal cancer operations in 69 patients divided into two groups. The first group received oral neomycin and metronidazole in addition to parenteral gentamycin and metronidazole; the second group received only parenteral gentamycin and metronidazole. Every patient had a previous bowel cleansing by oral administration of a 1.500ml solution of 10% manitol. The main objective was to evaluate the influence of administering antimicrobials for intestinal preparation on the incidence of postsurgical infectious complications. The abdominal wall soiling, intra-abdominal sepsis and/or fistula were considered as infectious complication. In those cases a bacterial culture was performed. Patients receiving oral antimicrobials during bowel preparation presented lower percentage of infectious complications (14,2%) compared to those receiving only parenteral antimicrobials (38,24%); this difference being statistically significant at the level of 5%. Oral antimicrobials for bowel preparation were efficient in reducing the incidence of infectious complications after surgery for colorectal cancel: These data confirm the recommendation for the association of oral and parenteral antimicrobials for best prevention of infectious complications.