Sansom Henrique Bromberg

Heterotopia pancreática: análise clínico-patológica de 18 doentes

OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical and pathological features of heterotopic pancreatic tissue in abdominal digestive organs. METHODS We retrospectively studied 18 patients with histologically diagnosed heterotopic pancreas. Clinical and histopathologic data were reviewed. Heterotopic pancreatic tissues were classified in three histological models: Type I consists of three components of normal pancreas (acini, ducts and islets), type II with two components and type three with only one component. RESULTS The mean age was 52.7 years, ranging from 34 to 73 years, nine of them men and nine women. Symptoms were observed in only four patients, and their lesions were diagnosed by gastroscopy. The remaining 14 were asymptomatic and their anomalies were discovered accidentally. Most of the lesions were located in the upper gastrointestinal tract: seven (38.9%) in the stomach, six (33.3%) in the duodenum and three (16.6%) in the jejunum. Heterotopia was mostly located in the submucosa (83.3%) but was also observed in the muscularis propria and in the sub-serosa. In seven specimens (38.9%) all pancreatic components were found (type I), in eight (44.4%) exocrine glands and excretory ducts were present (type II) and in three (16.7%) only exocrine tissue was observed (type III). CONCLUSION Pancreatic heterotopia is rare. Patients with pancreatic ectopia diagnosed by pathological study, whether asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, should be observed. Lesions incidentally detected during surgeries need to be removed by conservative procedures.

Pancreatite aguda devida a hematoma intramural do duodeno por uso de anticoagulante

BACKGROUND Spontaneous intramural hemorrhage of the duodenum due to anticoagulant therapy is rare and the treatment is controversial. OBJECTIVE To present the acquired knowledge with the treatment of these disease. CASE REPORT A 71-year-old women receiving for a 3 month period an anticoagulant therapy presented cervical bleeding of soft tissues and symptoms of acute pancreatitis and high small bowel obstruction. Early noninvasive diagnosis by computed tomographic scan was possible and conservative therapy proved successful in complete resolution of the pancreatitis and obstructive symptoms, with resumption of oral intake in the fourth day of treatment. The frequency of bleeding in high risk patients during warfarin therapy is reduced by less intense therapy, achieving a prothrombin time with an International Normalized Ratio of 2.0 to 3.0. RESULTS The use of conservative treatment was helpful and the patient was discharged asymptomatic, 10 days after admission. CONCLUSION It is suggested conservative treatment for intramural hematoma of the duodenum and recommended laparotomy only when complications occur.Background - Spontaneous intramural hemorrhage of the duodenum due to anticoagulant therapy is rare and the treatment is controversial. Objective - To present the acquired knowledge with the treatment of these disease. Case report - A 71-year-old women receiving for a 3 month period an anticoagulant therapy presented cervical bleeding of soft tissues and symptoms of acute pancreatitis and high small bowel obstruction. Early noninvasive diagnosis by computed tomographic scan was possible and conservative therapy proved successful in complete resolution of the pancreatitis and obstructive symptoms, with resumption of oral intake in the fourth day of treatment. The frequency of bleeding in high risk patients during warfarin therapy is reduced by less intense therapy, achieving a prothrombin time with an International Normalized Ratio of 2,0 to 3,0. Results ¾ The use of conservative treatment was helpful and the patient was discharged asymptomatic, 10 days after admission. Conclusion ¾ It is suggested conservative treatment for intramural hematoma of the duodenum and recommended laparotomy only when complications occur.

Importância da invasão neural e linfática no prognóstico do adenocarcinoma colorretal

OBJECTIVES: The paradoxical evolution of approximately one third of patients with colo-retal cancer cataloged in Dukes stages B and C demonstrates the necessity of make useful other prognostic criteria. The presence of neural and lymphatic invasion of tumor cells was correlated with the prognosis of patients submitted to radical operation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on 320 patients with colo-rectal carcinoma , with mean age 58 years and 199 (62.2%) females. Neural invasion was accessed as positive if cancer cells infiltration into the perineurium or neural fasciculus was detected at the leading point. Lymphatic invasion was defined by cancer cells infiltration into a space limited by endothelium without muscular or elastic fibers. Those variable were associated to the original classification of Dukes. RESULTS: Lymphatic and neural invasion was demonstrated in 14.1% and 15% of 320 operation specimens respectively. The most frequent site of lymphatic and neural invasion was the rectum. The overall survival was 25% in the presence of neural invasion and 64% without neural invasion (p<0.01). At the presence of lymphatic invasion, the overall survivals were 26.7% and 63.3%, respectively (p<0.01). The overall survival was always worse in the presence of the invasion neural, indenpendently of the compromising or not of the lynphonodes. In patients of free lynphonodes, the lymphatic invasion identifird sub-groups of sick with worse prognosis. The presence of these variable it identified in patients with tumors Dukes B, sub-group of worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: Neural and lymphatic invasion are important ways of spread of colorectal cancer and the presence of both is associated with worse prognosis.

Jejunal perforation caused by abdominal angiostrongyliasis

The authors describe a case of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in an adult patient presenting acute abdominal pain caused by jejunal perforation. The case was unusual, as this affliction habitually involves the terminal ileum, appendix, cecum or ascending colon. The disease is caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis, whose definitive hosts are forest rodents while snails and slugs are its intermediate hosts. Infection in humans is accidental and occurs via the ingestion of snail or slug mucoid secretions found on vegetables, or by direct contact with the mucus. Abdominal angiostrongyliasis is clinically characterized by prolonged fever, anorexia, abdominal pain in the right-lower quadrant, and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Although usually of a benign nature, its course may evolve to more complicated forms such as intestinal obstruction or perforation likely to require a surgical approach. Currently, no efficient medication for the treatment of abdominal angiostrongyliasis is known to be available. In this study, the authors provide a review on the subject, considering its etiopathogeny, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment.

Intestinal metaplasia in gallbladders: prevalence study

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Gallbladder cancer is usually diagnosed at a late stage and generally results in death. Discovery of predisposing factors for this neoplasia could prevent this outcome. In this study, we assess the presence of one of these factors: intestinal metaplasia in gallbladders with stones and inflammatory processes. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study in Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo. METHOD The first 80 gallbladders from patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy between April and August 2002, presenting stones and chronic inflammation, were studied. The patients were divided into groups according to their age: CC1, from 15 to 40 years; CC2, from 41 to 60 years; and CC3, from 61 to 85 years. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (26%) were male, while 59 (74%) were female. In the group CC1, intestinal metaplasia was present in 85.71% of the 21 patients studied; in CC2, in 79.41% of 34 patients; and in CC3, in 56.00% of 25 patients. These differences presented statistical significance (p = 0.04542). CONCLUSION Intestinal metaplasia is extremely frequent in gallbladders with inflammation and lithiasis, especially in younger patients.

Gastric necrosis and perforation as a complication of splenectomy. Case report and related references

Necrosis of the stomach after isolated splenectomy with the formation of gastrocutaneous fistula is a rare event that occurs in less than 1% of splenectomies. It is more frequent when the removal of the spleen is done because of hematological diseases. Its mortality index can reach 60% and its pathogenesis is controversial, as it may be attributed both to direct trauma of the gastric wall and to ischemic phenomena. Although the stomach may exhibit exuberant arterial blood irrigation, anatomical variations can cause a predisposition towards the appearance of potentially ischemic areas, especially after ligation of the short gastric vessels around the major curvature of the stomach. Once this is diagnosed in the immediate postoperative period, it becomes imperative to reoperate. The surgical procedure will depend on the conditions of the peritoneal cavity and patients clinic status. The objective of this study was to report on the case of a patient submitted to splenectomy because of closed abdominal traumatism, who then presented peritonitis and percutaneous gastric fistula in the post-operative period. During the second operation, perforations were identified in anterior gastric wall where there had been signs of vascular stress. The lesion was sutured after revival of its borders, and the patient had good evolution. Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment of this unusual complication are needed to reduce its high mortality rate.

Predição da coledocolitíase pela associação de indicadores clínicos e laboratoriais em dois momentos do pré-operatório da colecistectomia

OBJETIVO: O proposito deste estudo foi determinar a probabilidade de ocorrencia de coledocolitiase atraves do estudo da associacao de indicadores clinicos e laboratoriais desta doenca em dois momentos do pre-operatorio de colecistectomia. METODO: Entre marco de 2001 e marco de 2002, 48 pacientes consecutivos com colelitiase foram submetidos a colecistectomia e colangiografia intra-operatoria (CIO). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo A constituido por 13 pacientes com coledocolitiase e o grupo B por 35 pacientes sem esta doenca. Os pacientes foram investigados quanto aos indicadores clinicos e laboratoriais da coledocolitiase, analisados em dois periodos, tomando como ponto de corte as 48 horas que precederam a cirurgia. Posteriormente, estes indicadores pre-operatorios foram associados na equacao da regressao logistica em diferentes combinacoes. RESULTADOS: Utilizando a equacao da regressao logistica, constatou-se que a associacao de dois indicadores clinicos em ambos os periodos (ictericia e sinal de Murphy) e dois laboratoriais ( nivel de corte da gama glutamil transpeptidase e bilirrubina direta 48 horas antes da cirurgia) foi a mais adequada para a predicao da coledocolitiase. Os valores obtidos por esta equacao mostraram concordância com os grupos A e B, de 95,6%, e discordância de 4,4% (p= 0,0000007 e k = 0,89). Esta equacao mostrou sensibilidade de 92,3%, especificidade de 97,0%, valor preditivo positivo de 92,3% e valor preditivo negativo de 97%. Estes valores foram proximos aos obtidos pela CIO, que mostrou concordância com os grupos estudados de 95,8%, e discordância de 4,2% (k = 0,90). CONCLUSAO: Considerando os resultados obtidos, recomenda-se a associacao de indicadores da coledocolitiase na equacao da regressao logistica para estabelecer a probabilidade de ocorrer coledocolitiase associada a colelitiase. A utilizacao desta equacao pode orientar melhor a conduta diagnostica e terapeutica nesta doenca.

Tratamento cirúrgico do linfoma gástrico primário

BACKGROUND: we analyzed the results from 25 patients with primary gastric lymphoma operated with curative intention. METHODS: Data were obtained retrospective ly and by contacting patients or theirs relatives. The disease was staged using the Ann Arbor system for non-Hodgkins lymphoma, as modified by Musshoff and Schmidt-Vollmer, and classified according to Kiels system. RESULTS: The signs and symptoms were similar to those of peptic ulcer disease or gastric carcinoma. Preoperative diagnosis was obtained by endoscopic biopsy in three cases and by surgical exploration in the remaining. Seven patients (28%) were submitted to myelograms, which were normal in all cases. All patients were submitted to resection (12 subtotal gastrectomies and 13 total gastrectomies) with removal of regional lymph nodes. Ten of them (40%) received complementary treatment (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy). The staging was significantly more advanced in fundocardiac lesions and in more elderly patients, and the average survival was 31.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: in this series, the variables that influenced significantly survival rate were age, advanced stage, size of the lesion higher than 6,0 cm, and adjuvant postoperative treatment (p< 0,05). These results suggest that complete resection of the lesion with the adjacent lymph nodes, accompanied by adjuvant treatment, constitutes the best approach to resectable primary gastric lymphoma.

Neoplasias duodenais primárias: análise de casuística e conduta cirúrgica

Eighteen primary duodenal tumors, including 11 malignant and 8 benign, are presented, stressing their poorly defined natural history and rare frequency. The most common histological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. There were 6 adenocarcinomas, 2 carcinoids, 1 linfoma, 1 anaplastic and 1 neuroectodermic carcinoma. Benign lesions were occasionally found during a gastroduodenal or a biliary surgery (n = 4) and during the autopsies (n = 3). They consisted of lipomas (n = 4), adenomatous polyps (n = 2) and leiomyoma (n = 1). Concerning the malignant lesions, 6 pancreaticoduodenectomies, 3 duodenojejunal segmentary resection and one paliation consisting of gastrojejunostomy and biopsy were performed. One carcinoid lesion was found at the duodenal bulb during a gastroduodenectomy for a gastric ulcer. Pancreaticoduodenectomy can be done with acceptable risk and it seems that patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma are more likely to survive longer after radical surgery than those with cancer of the head of pancreas. Every patient of this series treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy or duodenojejunal segmentary resection had an uneventful recovery and the follow-up ranged from 16 months to 7 years. As for the duodenal carcinoids, local resection is usually followed by recurrence, so an agressive surgical management is the best approach. Benign tumors must be treated by local excision when disclosed.

Endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices, using pretied loop made with polyamide thread

BACKGROUND [corrected] The elastic band ligation is the method of choice for treatment of esophageal varices. The action mechanism is a mechanical varices compression with thromboses. Based on this concept we developed a ligature method using pretied loop made with polyamide thread for the treatment of esophageal varices. OBJECTIVE The present study describes and evaluates the feasibility of the treatment of esophageal varices by the ligature method using pretied loop made with polyamide thread and analyzes the local changes of the ligations and the results, concerning safety, efficiency and complications of this procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between March, 1998 and May, 2000, 58 patients with esophageal varices were treated with pretied loop, made with polyamide thread (26 patients with schistosomiasis, 11 with alcoholic cirrhosis, 9 with hepatitis C, 5 with hepatitis B, 4 of unknown etiology, 2 with hepatitis B and C, and one with Budd-Chiari syndrome/ 42 men and 16 women/ average age of 47,67 +/- 13,12 years, range 16-74). A plastic tube was attached to the endoscope tip featured as an accessory working channel, allowing the pretied loop made with polyamide thread to be conducted to the esophagus facilitated by a flexible metallic tube, to perform the esophageal varices ligature. A total of 506 ligatures were done, distributed in 223 sections (average of 2,26 +/- 1,08 ligature, varying from 1 to 6 per section). The sessions were perform with the interval of 15 days, until the complete eradication of the esophageal varices. The ecoendoscopy was used as a complementary method to evaluate the varices eradication RESULTS The esophageal varices were treated successfully in all patients. The complete eradication of varices was achieved in 47 (81,03%) patients. In 37 (63,79%) patients the ligatures resulted in pseudopolyps. It was not identified systemic complications or obits. The ecoendoscopy showed thrombosis in the pseudopolyps of 10 patients. The follow-up period was from 4 to 32 months and recurrence of the esophageal varices was observed in 9 (15,51%) patients. The average cost of each ligature was estimated in US