Fábio Steiner

Suprimento de potássio em função da adubação potássica residual em um Latossolo Vermelho do Cerrado

In some soils with low levels of exchangeable potassium, non-exchangeable forms can participate in plant supply. There is evidence that K supply in non-exchangeable forms depends more on plant nutrient demand than on soil properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the supply and depletion of K forms in a Cerrado Oxisol, as affected by residual K fertilization and successive cultivation of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Syn. Urochloa ruziziensis). Soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm layer in plots of a field experiment installed in 2001, where soil had been fertilized for 10 years with 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of K2O. In a greenhouse, 0, 150 and 300 mg dm-3 K was applied to the soil samples and B. ruziziensis was grown and cut five times. The K supply of the plants depended more on the newly added fertilizer than on the residual effect of previous fertilization. The non-exchangeable K is responsible, over time, for the maintenance of exchangeable K levels and becomes the main source of K for B. ruziziensis plants in the absence of K fertilization. Brachiaria ruziziensis plants have the capacity to absorb large amounts of K from the soil, confirming the importance of this cover crop for soil nutrient cycling.

Effect of pH on boron adsorption in some soils of Paraná, Brazil

Temporary B deficiency can be triggered by liming of acid soils because of increased B adsorption at higher soil pH. Plants respond directly to the activity of B in soil solution and only indirectly to B adsorbed on soil constituents. Because the range between deficient and toxic B concentration is relatively narrow, this poses difficulty in maintaining appropriate B levels in soil solution. Thus, knowledge of the chemical behavior of B in the soil is particularly important. The present study investigated the effect of soil pH on B adsorption in four soils of Parana State, and to correlate these values with the physical and chemical properties of the soils. Surface samples were taken from a Rhodic Hapludox, Arenic Hapludalf, Arenic Hapludult, and one Typic Usthorthent. To evaluate the effect of pH on B adsorption, subsamples soil received the application of increasing rates of calcium carbonate. Boron adsorption was accomplished by shaking 2.0 g soil, for 24 h, with 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 NaCl solution containing different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 4.0 mg B L-1). Sorption was fitted to non-linear form of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Boron adsorption increased as concentration increased. Boron adsorption was dependent on soil pH, increasing as a function of pH in the range between 4.6 and 7.4, although the bonding energy has decreased. Maximum adsorption capacity (MAC) of B was observed in the Arenic Hapludalf (49.8 mg B kg-1 soil) followed by Arenic Hapludult (22.5 mg kg-1), Rhodic Hapludox (17.4 mg kg-1), and Typic Usthorthent (7.0 mg kg-1). The organic matter content, clay content, and aluminum oxide content (Al2O3) were the soils properties that affecting the B adsorption on Parana soils.

Atributos físicos do solo e produtividade do milho sob sistemas de manejo e adubações

No-tillage system is an efficient technique in control of soil erosion, when compared with conventional tillage, however, some studies indicate higher compaction under no-tillage, mainly in the surface layer. Strategies that increase the organic matter content, as crop rotation and organic fertilization, can be used to solve the soil compaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil managements (crop succession and crop rotation) and fertilization (organic, mineral and organic-mineral) in the physical properties of the soil, under no-tillage system, from 2006 to 2008. The evaluations were carried out in February 2007, after the summer corn harvest, and in September 2008, after the winter corn harvest. Crop rotation decreased the soil density and soil resistance to penetration and increased the macroporosity and total porosity. The use of organic sources of fertilization did not affect any of the physical attributes of soil. The yield of summer corn was highest in succession crop and mineral fertilization, however, in the winter, there was no difference between the soil managements and among the fertilizations.

Nutrição e produtividade da cultura do milho em sistemas de culturas e fontes de adubação

The use of animal wastes in agriculture coupled with the growing of cover crops can provide sustainability to the agricultural system. Aiming to evaluate the effect of two systems of crops and sources of fertilizer on the corn crop, was conducted an experiment on Oxisol in the municipality of Marechal Candido Rondon (PR). The experimental design used was of randomized block with four replications and treatments in factorial scheme 2 x 3, consisting of two culture systems (succession wheat/corn and oat+vetch+turnip/corn) and three nutrient sources (mineral, organic and organic mineral). In June 2006, was deployed to the wheat crop and intercropping of cover crops. In October 2006 was sowed corn on the two systems. The fertilizations organic and organic mineral consisted of application of pig manure alone and combined with mineral fertilizer, respectively. The consortium of oats, hairy vetch, wild radish has shown itself capable of providing good amount of biomass, showing its viability for the production of plant cover the soil during winter. Corn grown in rotation with wheat yielded the highest uptake of N and K and higher yield. Mineral fertilization gave higher N uptake and corn yield compared with the organic fertilizer and organic-mineral fertilizer based on pig manure

Plant density and nitrogen fertilization in Swiss chard

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization on Swiss chards yield, from September to November 2009. The experimental design was of randomized blocks in split plot with four replications. In the plots were allocated the two plant spacings (0.30 and 0.50 m) and in the subplots the five doses of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1). The crop was harvested 90 days after transplanting. The plant spacing of 0.50 m provided increased production of total fresh weight of shoot (961.7 g plant-1) and marketable (873.1 g plant-1). However, the highest total yield (77.8 t ha-1) and marketable (64.5 t ha-1) was achieved with the smaller spacing between plants (0.30 m). The N rates applied in coverage until 160 kg ha-1 increased in a linear form the total and marketable production of fresh mass of shoots, the total and marketable yield, the N content and the N accumulation in the shoots of Swiss chard plants on the evaluated plant spacings.

Comparação entre métodos para a avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de triticale

In a program of seed quality assurance, the evaluation of seed vigor is fundamental and necessary to the global production process outcome. The objective of this experiment was to verify the efficiency of different vigor tests for evaluation of triticale seeds (X. triticosecale Wittmack) seeking the lots differentiation. Five lots of triticale seeds (cv. IPR 111) were submitted to the following evaluations: germination, first counting of germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test (50 seeds into 50ml of water, at 25°C for 24 hours), accelerated aging test (43°C 48h-1) in distilled water (100% RH), and also seed water content. The test of electrical conductivity and potassium leaching was efficient to distinguish vigor of triticale.

Assessment of micronutrient extractants from soils of Paraná, Brazil

In Brazil, plant-available micronutrients in the soil can be determined by several chemical extractants, the most common of which are dilute acid and chelating solutions. The purpose of this study was to assess the extractants 0.1 mol L-1 HCl, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA for analysis of the micronutrients Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in soils from the state of Parana. In samples from 12 soils (0-20 cm layer), wheat was planted (Triticum aestivum), grown for 42 days after emergence, and then bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for 38 days. At the end of each planting period, the soil was sampled again. All extractants tested to assess the availability of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn correlated with each other. The efficiency of the extractants HCl, Mehlich-3 and DTPA in assessing plant-available Cu was similar, unlike Mehlich-1, which proved less efficient. The extractants HCl, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 were less efficient in estimating plant-available Zn and Fe, and the most indicated extractant is DTPA. The efficiency of the extractants HCl, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA in assessing plant-available Mn in soils from Parana was similar.

Initial physic nut nutrition and potassium balance in the soil-plant system

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the mineral nutrition and the response of physic nut to potassium fertilization as well as to assess whether the species can absorb K from the non-exchangeable soil fraction. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in randomized blocks, and with four repetitions. Physic nut plants were cultivated in plastic recipients filled with 50 dm3 of a Dark Red Latosol fertilized with rates of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg K dm-3 of soil. One hundred and fifty days after planting, the height, stem diameter and leaf area of the plants were measured, and the dry mass, concentration in leaf and total accumulation of macro and micronutrients were determined, as well as the soil contents of exchangeable and non-exchangeable K. The K balance in the soil-plant system was also calculated. The increase of potassium fertilization resulted in a greater uptake of K, Ca and Mn but did not alter the total dry mass production of physic nut. The species can release and absorb K from the non-exchangeable soil fraction.

Effect of boron and zinc fertilization on white oats grown in soil with average content of these nutrients

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with zinc or boron on the growthand dry matter production, nutritional value and accumulation of nutrients in white oats. The study comprised two experimentsconducted in glasshouses, the first consisting of the application of four doses of zinc (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/dm 3 ) in the formof zinc sulphate (20% Zn), and the second consisting of the application of four doses of boron (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/dm 3 )in the form of Borax (11% B). The experimental design in each case was a randomized block design, with five replicates.Fertilization with zinc and boron increased the growth of white oats, but had no significant effect on the nutritional valueof the forage. Higher levels of absorption and accumulation of nutrients in plant tissues were observed following the applicationof boron and zinc at rates of up to 0.60 mg/dm 3 of soil.Key Words: Avena sativa , crude protein, dry matter Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia

Response of wheat to foliar application of zinc

Wheat is grown in Brazil, mostly in no-till, a system in which the zinc can become potentially deficient, due to excessive application of acidity corrective and phosphate fertilizers in surface and, or at shallow depths. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc in agronomic characteristics and yield of wheat. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications. Treatments consisted of four doses of zinc (0, 54, 108 and 216g ha-1 Zn), divided into two foliar applications, the first at tillering (18 days after plant emergence) and the second at the boot stage (65 days after emergence). Foliar application of zinc increased the number of fertile tillers and yield of wheat, however, have little effect on the agronomic characteristics of no-tilled crop with high nutrient content in soil.