Fatih Demirci

Antimicrobial activity of some Satureja essential oils.

The genus Satureja is represented by fifteen species of which five are endemic and Satureja pilosa and S. icarica have recently been found as new records for Turkey. Aerial parts of the Satureja pilosa, S. icarica, S. boissieri and S. coerulea collected from different localities in Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils which were subsequently analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of the oils were identified, and both antibacterial and antifungal bioassays were applied. Carvacrol (59.2%, 44.8%, 42.1%) was the main component in the oils of S. icarica, S. boissieri and S. pilosa, respectively. The oil of S. coerulea contained β-caryophyllene (10.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.0%) as main constituents.

Antimicrobial activities of Ferulago essential oils.

Essential oils from Ferulago asparagifolia Boiss., F. galbanifera (Miller) W. Koch, F. humilis Boiss. (Endemic), F. trachycarpa Boiss. growing in Turkey were evaluated against 15 microorganisms for their antifungal and antibacterial activity using an agar tube dilution and microdilution broth susceptibility assay, respectively. The essential oil compositions were investigated by GC/MS. Inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Candida albicans, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium moniliforme were remarkable. Results are discussed in comparison with the chemical composition of the essential oils.

The bioactive essential oil of Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt.

The essential oil of Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummit (Umbelliferae) was isolated from crushed seeds by means of hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Major components were identified as 1-octanol (50.3%), octyl butyrate (24.6%), and octyl acetate (7.3%). Furthermore, antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using microdilution broth and agar diffusion methods. The bioactive constituent of the essential oil was determined as 1-octanol by using a bioautography assay.

Detoxification of Terpinolene by Plant Pathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea

Detoxification of an antifungal monoterpene terpinolene (1) by the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea afforded hydroxlyated metabolites 2,3-dihydro-3β,6β-dihydroxy-terpinolene (2) (39%) and 2,3-dihydro-1α,3α-dihydroxy-terpinolene (3) (20%), respectively. Terpinolene showed good levels of antifungal activity while both the metabolites were inactive against another plant pathogenic fungus Cladosporium herbarum.

Effects of Salvia. Essential Oils on the Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay

Abstract The aerial parts of Salvia hedgeana. Dönmez, Salvia huberi. Hedge, Salvia pisidica. Boiss. & Heldr. ex. Bentham. were subjected to hydrodistillation. The obtained essential oils were analyzed both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analyses showed that S. hedgeana. essential oil consisted of β-pinene (30.0%) as a major component, in addition to 65 identified components, representing 89.9% of the total essential oil. The major component of S. huberi. was identified as 1,8-cineole (20.4%), and 76 further components were characterized representing 87.6%. S. pisidica. essential oil revealed the occurrence of camphor (21.7%) as the main constituent among another 59 identified components of 76.8% of the total. Furthermore, the biological properties of the analyzed essential oils were tested using the in vivo. method on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in order to examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity as well as possible irritant or toxic side effects. All essential oils tested at a concentration of 100 µg/pellet showed no pronounced anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, or membrane-toxic properties.

Effect of Maturation on the Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil of a Commercially Important Satureja Species from Turkey : Satureja cuneifolia Ten. (Lamiaceae)

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Satureja cuneifolia Ten., collected in three different maturation stages such as preflowering, flowering, and postflowering, were analyzed simultaneously by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol (42.5-45.2%), p-cymene (19.4-24.3%), and carvacrol (8.5-13.2%) were identified as the main constituent in all stages. At the same time, the essential oils and main components were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using a microdilution assay resulting in the inhibition of a number of common human pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the yeasts Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varied between 62.5 and 250 microg/mL within a moderate antimicrobial activity range. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the essential oils and major components thymol and carvacrol were examined in vitro. The essential oils obtained from S. cuneifolia in three different stages and its main components were interacted with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH (*)) as a nitrogen-centered stable radical, resulting in IC 50 = 1.6-2.1 mg/mL. In addition, the effects on inhibition of lipid peroxidation of the essential oils were assayed using the beta-carotene bleaching method. All of the tested oils inhibited the linoleic acid peroxidation at almost the same level as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (93.54-94.65%). BHT and ascorbic acid were used as positive controls in the antioxidant assays.

Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils from Satureja wiedemanniana (Lallem.) Velen

Abstract Satureja wiedemanniana (Lallem.) Velen (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of Turkey. Aerial parts of the plant collected from eleven different localities in Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils which were analysed by a GC/MS system. Carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene were found as the main constituents. Antibacterial evaluation of the oils was also carried out.

The Microbial Oxidation of (–)-β-Pinene by Botrytis cinerea

(-)-β-pinene, a flavor and fragrance monoterpene is an important constituent of essential oils of many aromatic plants. It was oxidized by a plant-pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea to afford four metabolites characterized as (-)-6α-hydroxy-β-pinene, (-)-4β,5β-dihydroxy- β-pinene, (-)-2β,3β-dihydroxypinane, and (-)-4β-hydroxy-β-pinene-6-one by detailed spectroscopic studies along with other known metabolites.

Biotransformation Of (–)-α-Pinene By Botrytis Cinerea

(-)-α-Pinene (1), a major constituent of many aromatic plants was biotransformed by the plant pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea to afford three new metabolites, characterized as 3 β-hydroxy-(-)- β-pinene (10%) (3), 9-hydroxy-(-)-α-pinene (12%) (4), 4 β-hydroxy-(-)-α- pinene-6-one (16%) (5) by physical and spectroscopic methods. A known metabolite verbenone (2) was also obtained

Essential Oil of Betula pendula Roth. Buds.

The essential oil of Betula pendula Roth. buds was obtained using both hydrodistillation and microdistillation techniques and their chemical compositions were analyzed using both gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, more than 50 compounds were identified representing 80% and 92% for hydrodistillation and microdistillation, respectively. The main components (by hydrodistillation and microdistillation, respectively) found were α-copaene (12% and 10%), germacrene D (11% and 18%) and δ-cadinene (11% and 15%) in the analyzed essential oils. The microdistillation technique proved to be a useful tool and compliant alternative when compared to hydrodistillation.