Fay Dunkerley

Bus fare and journey time elasticities and diversion factors for all modes: A rapid evidence assessment

This study uses a rapid-evidence review process to identify evidence on bus fare and journey time elasticities and diversion factors for all modes (diversion factors quantify the impact of changes on one mode on the demand for other modes and for new trips). It uses a systematic search procedure to identify relevant academic and grey literature through structured database searches, as well as making enquiries to experts in the field to identify material, such as unpublished studies. The study focuses on material produced in or that is relevant to the UK. Little recent evidence on bus fare elasticities (in the UK) – and little evidence on bus journey time elasticities generally – was identified in the systematic search process. However, a substantial database of diversion-factor evidence was identified and collated. Recommendations are provided, based on analysis of the available evidence. In general, we find that the evidence on diversion factors is very diverse, covering a wide range of mainly metropolitan geographies, trip purposes, journey types and alternative transport options.

Public preferences for internet surveillance, data retention and privacy enhancing services: Evidence from a pan-European study

This paper examines public preferences regarding privacy implications of internet surveillance. The study was based on a pan-European survey and included a stated preference discrete choice experiment (SPDCE) involving the choice of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) offering varying levels of storage, access and sharing of internet activity, continuous surveillance and privacy enhancing technologies. The survey obtained 16,463 individual responses across the European Unions 27 member-states1. Respondents expressed highest levels of concern about: Internet facilitated crime, namely using the internet to share and publish child pornography (68.2%); individual data protection and security threats – i.e., personal information not being handled in a legitimate way (62%); computer viruses (61.4%) and finally the theft of financial data or identity (61.4%). Such levels of concern affect trust in the Internet: 27.7% of respondents trusted websites for information exchange and a similar figure, 30.7% reported they trust websites for business transactions. Given this context, following our analysis of preferences, on average, respondents were more likely to choose an ISP that would not store any internet activity, would retain any data for up to 1 month and would not share data with anyone else. Interestingly, respondents did recognise the potential benefit for continuous state-surveillance (by the police), but only under an appropriate accountable legal basis. Also, respondents were in favour of an array of privacy enhancing technologies that would enhance their privacy when using the Internet. Finally, the analysis shows that in some cases, significant differences in preferences across countries and socio-economic characteristics suggest that individual privacy-preferences do vary across cultural/national settings, age, gender and education level.

Travel in Britain in 2035: future scenarios and their implications for technology innovation

In this study, we developed future scenarios to examine the influence of technologies on travel and interviewed experts about the key policy implications. From these, we developed a strategic roadmap to inform future UK policies and investments.