Fazal Shahid

Bolton tooth size ratio and its relation with arch widths, arch length and arch perimeter: A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study

Abstract Objective. The prime aim of the study was to measure and compare the 3D CBCT Bolton tooth size ratio in relation to the upper and lower arch widths, arch length and arch perimeter. Materials and methods. The data source was CBCT high volumetric data from the archives. Tooth size, arch widths, arch length and arch perimeter were measured in maxilla and mandibular arches. The independent t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analyses. Results. The female Bolton anterior ratio (BAR) (78.373) and Bolton overall ratio (BOR) (93.231) show a greater tooth size ratio in comparison to male BAR (77.162) and BOR (93.124), respectively. However, no significant difference was found in the sexual comparison of all the measurements. Tooth size ratio in arch width groups also showed no significant difference. Significant discrepancies in the arch length (p < 0.05) groups and overall ratio and in the arch perimeter groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) and anterior ratio were revealed. Conclusions. Tooth size ratios during orthodontic treatment for different arch length and arch perimeter groups need to be evaluated carefully.

New prediction equations for the estimation of maxillary mandibular canine and premolar widths from mandibular incisors and mandibular first permanent molar widths: A digital model study.

Objective The primary aim of the study was to generate new prediction equations for the estimation of maxillary and mandibular canine and premolar widths based on mandibular incisors and first permanent molar widths. Methods A total of 2,340 calculations (768 based on the sum of mandibular incisor and first permanent molar widths, and 1,572 based on the maxillary and mandibular canine and premolar widths) were performed, and a digital stereomicroscope was used to derive the the digital models and measurements. Mesiodistal widths of maxillary and mandibular teeth were measured via scanned digital models. Results There was a strong positive correlation between the estimation of maxillary (r = 0.85994, r2 = 0.7395) and mandibular (r = 0.8708, r2 = 0.7582) canine and premolar widths. The intraclass correlation coefficients were statistically significant, and the coefficients were in the strong correlation range, with an average of 0.9. Linear regression analysis was used to establish prediction equations. Prediction equations were developed to estimate maxillary arches based on Y = 15.746 + 0.602 × sum of mandibular incisors and mandibular first permanent molar widths (sum of mandibular incisors [SMI] + molars), Y = 18.224 + 0.540 × (SMI + molars), and Y = 16.186 + 0.586 × (SMI + molars) for both genders, and to estimate mandibular arches the parameters used were Y = 16.391 + 0.564 × (SMI + molars), Y = 14.444 + 0.609 × (SMI + molars), and Y = 19.915 + 0.481 × (SMI + molars). Conclusions These formulas will be helpful for orthodontic diagnosis and clinical treatment planning during the mixed dentition stage.

Comparison of popular sagittal cephalometric analyses for validity and reliability

Background The analysis of skeletal relationships of jaws in the sagittal plane is of utmost importance in orthodontic diagnosis for which numerous lateral cephalometric analyses have emerged. None of the analyses is without flaws. Current study compares ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, Yen angle and W angle for their validity and reliability in diagnosis of skeletal classes. Methods Pretreatment cephalograph of 209 orthodontic patients comprised of 92 males and 117 females were selected from orthodontic archives. Radiographs were traced for ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle measurements. Patients were divided into three skeletal classes i.e. class I, II and III based on measurements and incisor classification and profile recorded from their files. ANOVA was applied to check the validity of performed analyses and Cramer’s correlation was performed to find out the correlation between analyses and skeletal classes. Results All performed analyses showed statistically significant difference in the values for all three skeletal classes p < .05. All measured analyses were found equally reliable in diagnosis of skeletal discrepancies. Conclusion All five-skeletal cephalometric sagittal analyses are reliable and can be used in orthodontic diagnosis as alternative to each other.

Association between genetic polymorphisms and external apical root resorption: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To date, only a few studies have investigated the relationships between genetic polymorphisms and external apical root resorption (EARR). Hence, the aim of this systematic review was to explore the relationship between different gene polymorphisms and their association with EARR. Methods A complete literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers. The PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched. In addition, the bibliographies of all textbooks and relevant articles were searched manually. A meta-analysis was performed using data entered into the electronic databases until February 28, 2017. Results On the basis of the search, we identified 17 and 7 publications for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the association of the interleukin 1B (+3954) polymorphism and the risk of EARR. The overall OR from the studies was used to estimate the risk of EARR. However, no association was found and no publication bias was apparent for the risk of EARR in patients receiving orthodontic treatment. Conclusions More research on the relationship between gene polymorphism and EARR is necessary to determine better specificity of possible interactions.

A new formula to predict mesiodistal width of maxillary canines: A digital model study

Abstract Aim The prime aim of the study was to generate a new formula to predict mesiodistal width of maxillary canines. Materials and methods The selected sample consisted of 128 subjects with the ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. A total of 1024 variables were measured. Dental models of each subject for maxillary and mandibular arches were scanned via digital stereomicroscope for the fabrication of the digital models the mesiodistal and buccolingual width of maxillary and mandibular canines were carried out via digital models. Results Highly positive correlation was found between mesio-distal width of maxillary and mandibular canines with an establishment of valid clinical prediction of mesio-distal width of maxillary permanent canines depending on their corresponding mandibular canines in each gender. The new formula was developed for the prediction of mesiodistal width of maxillary canine (MDMaxC) from the mesio distal mandibular canine width (MDMCW) as Y = 3.060 + 0.696 × (MDMCW), Y = 3.867 +0.589 × (MDMCW), Y = 3.517 + 0.607 × (MDMCW). The new formula was developed for prediction of MDMaxC from BLMCW as Y = 6.015 + 0.281 × (BLMCW), Y = 6.569 + 0.213 × (BLMCW), Y = 6.250 + 0.229 × (BLMCW). Conclusions These formulas will be helpful for the clinical treatment planning in orthodontic, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry.

Intermaxillary tooth size discrepancy in a Pakistani population: A stereomicroscope versus digital caliper.

Objective: Comprehensive diagnosis and treatment planning are essential in a successful orthodontic practice. The purpose of this study is to determine and compare intermaxillary tooth size discrepancy (IMTSD) using traditional digital caliper (DC) measurement on plaster dental models and stereomicroscopic digital dental models (SM). Materials and Methods: The samples were randomly selected from different states of Pakistan. Total 7168 variables were measured on plaster dental casts (128) and SM digital dental models (128) according to the selection criteria. For IMTSD, the 6 variable measured as for anterior tooth size (maxilla, mandibular), overall tooth size (maxilla, mandibular), Boltons anterior ratios (BAR), and Boltons overall ratios (BOR). The independent t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analyses. Results: Significant sexual disparities in the sum of anterior tooth size and overall tooth size via DC and SM methods. No significant sexual disparities for BAR and BOR. No statistically significant differences were found in BAR and BOR between DC and SM. No significant differences were found on IMTSD ratio among different arch length and arch perimeters groups. Conclusions: Norms were developed based on DC and SM for IMTSD. Sexual disparities were observed in the sum of teeth size. However, no significant differences in BAR and BOR for IMTSD between the two methods.

Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of Pont's index predictability for Malay population in orthodontics

Introduction: In orthodontic treatment, three-dimensional (3D) dental casts has a significant role in diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate Ponts index predictability in orthodontics. Materials and Methods: Premolar arch width, molar arch width and mesiodistal width of the maxillary incisors were measured three-dimensionally to assess shape of dental arches. The data source was cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) high volumetric data acquisitions from Malay ethnic background. Arch widths were measured and recorded from 53 subjects (32 male and 21 female with the mean age, 25.81), both the maxillary and mandibular arches, to obtain CBCT high volumetric data. All measurements were obtained through CBCT Planmeca Romexis TM Software 2.3.1.R (Helsinki, Finland). Results: Ponts formula overestimated the upper and lower interpremolar distance, with mean differences of 8.35 ± 3 mm and 12.02 ± 3.20 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the formula overestimated the upper and lower intermolar distance, with mean differences of 7.87 ± 3 mm and 16.14 ± 5.86 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that Ponts index is not practical for use with the Malaysian population since the index overestimated interpremolar and intermolar widths. This raises questions whether the index is a true predictor of arch width measurements.

Maxillary and mandibular anterior crown width/height ratio and its relation to various arch perimeters, arch length, and arch width groups

Objective: To investigate the maxillary and mandibular anterior crown width/height ratio and its relation to various arch perimeters, arch length, and arch width (intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar) groups. Materials and Methods: The calculated sample size was 128 subjects. The crown width/height, arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width of the maxilla and mandible were obtained via digital calliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). A total of 4325 variables were measured. The sex differences in the crown width and height were evaluated. Analysis of variance was applied to evaluate the differences between arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width groups. Results: Males had significantly larger mean values for crown width and height than females (P ≥ 0.05) for maxillary and mandibular arches, both. There were no significant differences observed for the crown width/height ratio in various arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width (intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar) groups (P ≥ 0.05) in maxilla and mandible, both. Conclusions: Our results indicate sexual disparities in the crown width and height. Crown width and height has no significant relation to various arch length, arch perimeter, and arch width groups of maxilla and mandible. Thus, it may bex helpful for orthodontic and prosthodontic case investigations and comprehensive management.

Orthodontic treatment combination with auto transplantation for the management of impacted maxillary left lateral incisor and canine: an interdisciplinary approach.

Aims: For the orthodontic treatment of the complex cases, the interdisciplinary team work is of utmost importance, which leads to the predictable outcome with excellent treatment. The prime aim of this rare case report is to demonstrate the combined orthodontic-surgical-endodonticprosthodontic interdisciplinary management. Case Study Alam et al.; BJMMR, 4(3): 276-284, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.2015.449 277 Presentation of Case: This report describes the case of a 19 years old Malay male patient with the clinical problems of median diastema, mesio-buccally rotated maxillary left 1 st premolar, mild mandibular incisor crowding along with impacted maxillary left lateral incisor and canine. Discussion: With the advantages of the orthodontic fixed appliance, auto-transplantation of maxillary upper left lateral incisor and canine, the case was completed in an ideal orthodontic occlusion along with improved oral condition, masticatory function and esthetics. The treatment outcomes were due to orthodontic-surgical-endodontic-prosthodontic treatment with stable occlusion in sequels visits. Conclusion: An Interdisciplinary management achieved successful functional and esthetic results in the present case.

Camouflage of Severe Skeletal Class II Gummy Smile Patient Treated Nonsurgically with Mini Implants

Skeletal class II has always been a challenge in orthodontics and often needs assistance of surgical orthodontics in nongrowing patients when it presents with severe discrepancy. Difficulty increases more when vertical dysplasia is also associated with sagittal discrepancy. The advent of mini implants in orthodontics has broadened the spectrum of camouflage treatment. This case report presents a 16-year-old nongrowing girl with severe class II because of retrognathic mandible, and anterior dentoalveolar protrusion sagittally and vertically resulted in severe overjet of 13 mm and excessive display of incisors and gums. Both maxillary central incisors were trimmed by general practitioner few years back to reduce visibility. Treatment involved use of micro implant for retraction and intrusion of anterior maxillary dentoalveolar segment while lower incisors were proclined to obtain normal overjet, and overbite and pleasing soft tissue profile. Smile esthetics was further improved with composite restoration of incisal edges of both central incisors.