Fernando A. Cabral

Extraction of bixin from annatto seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide

The solubility of 93% pure bixin in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and of the bixin present in annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.) was measured. For the seeds, the measurements were made in a temperature range from 30 to 50 o C and pressure between 10 and 35 MPa and for the pure bixin, at 40 o C from 10 to 35 MPa. The main pigments of annatto seeds are bixin and norbixin, but the extracts only showed the presence of cis and trans-bixin, indicating that norbixin is not soluble in SC-CO2. The annatto seeds used in the experiments contained about 2.7% bixin and 3.1% oil. In the seeds, the crossover point of solubility was at about 28 MPa and values for solubility were about ten times higher than those of the pure bixin, giving evidence that the oil acted as a co-solvent with the CO2. Keywords: Supercritical carbon dioxide; Annatto; Bixa orellana L.; Bixin; Solubility.

Extraction of essential oil of black pepper with liquid carbon dioxide

Abstract Extraction of essential oil of black pepper was studied in a fixed bed extractor with liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent. The solubility of the oil in the solvent was determined, using the dynamic method. The solubility of pepper oil varied from 0·07±0·01 to 0·10±0·04 for temperature ranging from 16 to 20°C and pressure from 6·35 to 7·35 MPa. The shape of the extraction curves indicates that about 90% of the oil was extracted during the constant rate period. The results indicate that the subcritical essential oil extraction is a promising technology.

Influence on the quality of essential lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) oil by distillation process

The essential oil of key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) was obtained by steam distillation at normal conditions (1.0 bar/25oC) with steam at 110oC, during 10h. The GC analysis identified about 10 main substances, being limonene, p-cymene, myrcene and b-bisabolene the most significant compounds. Aldehyde content increased significantly during distillation time (upper phase). After 10h of process, oil has presented more than 3% of aldehydes content due to oxidative reactions.

Brazilian roasted coffee oil obtained by mechanical expelling: compositional analysis by GC-MS

oC por 10 min. Diferentes metodologias de preparo de amostra como “headspace”, adsorcao por succao em armadilha com polimero e esterificacao foram usadas. Foi possivel identificar pirazinas, piridinas, derivados de furanos e outros componentes ainda nao apresentados na literatura. Palavras-chave: oleo de cafe, aroma de cafe, acidos graxos, extracao por prensagem. SUMMARY A preliminary analysis by GC-MS comparing the mass spectrum of the compounds with the Wiley 275 L mass spectral data base was used to identify the fatty acids and mainly, some volatile compounds responsible for the flavor of the roasted coffee oil. The oil was obtained by mechanical expelling of Brazilian beans (Coffea arabica) roasted at 238 o C for 10 minutes. Different sample

Sensory evaluation of black instant coffee beverage with some volatile compounds present in aromatic oil from roasted coffee

The oil obtained from Brazilian roasted coffee by supercritical CO2 extraction shows considerable aromatic properties, mainly composed by five aromatic compounds, 2-methylpyrazine; 2-furfurylalcohol, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine; γ-butyrolactone and 2-furfurylacetate. Sensory analyses were used to verify the influence of a mixture of these important classes of aromatic coffee compounds (pyrazines, furans and lactones) and of the roasted coffee aromatic oil on the coffee aroma and flavour of black instant freeze and spray-dried coffee beverages. In the acceptance evaluation of the aroma, the samples prepared with freeze-dried instant coffee without the mixture of volatile compounds (sample 4) were not significantly different from the freeze-dried instant coffee in which the aromatic coffee oil was added (sample 5) and from the sample prepared with freeze-dried coffee in which the mixture of the five volatile was added (sample 3), coincidentally from the same drying process. Therefore, sample (3) did not differ from samples prepared with spray dried instant coffee without (sample 1) and to which (sample 2) the mixture of volatile was added. Therefore, with respect to this attribute, the addition of this mixture did not interfere in this drink acceptance. Taking into consideration the flavor, samples prepared with freeze-dried instant coffee in which the aromatic coffee oil was added (5) and the samples with (3) and without (4) the mixture of the five volatile was added did not differ significantly, however sample (4) did not differ from samples (1) and (2). Regarding this attribute, the addition of the aromatic oil of roasted coffee or a mixture of volatile in samples of freeze-dried instant coffee had a better acceptance than those dried by spray dryer (1) and (2). Thus, the enrichment of drinks with the aromatic oil of roasted coffee, or even with the mixture of the five components did not influence the consumer acceptance with respect to the aroma, but exerts influence with respect to flavour.

USO DA EQUAÇÃO DE ESTADO DE PENG-ROBINSON COM REGRA DE MISTURA DEPENDENTE DA COMPOSIÇÃO NA PREDIÇÃO DO EQUILÍBRIO DE FASES DO SISTEMA TERNÁRIO CO2-LIMONENO-CITRAL

Phase equilibrium data at high pressures for CO2-Limonene and CO2-Citral binary systems and for CO2-Limonene-Citral ternary systems were collected from literature and employed in a thermodynamic modelling that uses the PENG-ROBINSON equation of state with: (1) classical mixture rule; (2) STRYJEK & VERA composition dependant mixture rule. The binary interaction parameters for the CO2-Limonene and CO2-Citral systems were obtained by fitting the models to the experimental data using two computational programmes that involved the minimisation of an objective function by the simplex method as suggested by NELDER & MEAD, written as a function of the deviation between experimental and calculated data. The phase equilibrium for the ternary systems was calculated using the previously fitted binary interaction parameters fitting, disregarding those parameters relative to Limonene and Citral. The results showed that, under supercritical conditions, the two models employed in the present work were capable of qualitatively predicting the phase equilibrium for the ternary systems.

ESTIMATIVA DAS PROPRIEDADES DE CAROTENÓIDES POR MÉTODOS DE CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE GRUPOS

Some groups contribution method were selected and employed in the estimation of bixin and norbixin properties, which are present in pigments of annatto, and other compounds with like structure as carotenoids. Just inexistence of experimental data, except for fusion temperature, the estimated values by methods different were compared among itself. The result analysis showing considerable error boiling normal temperature, critical temperature and critical pressure and small error for density e critical volume, however, can appraise the methods are more adequate for different properties of compounds studied.